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Geography > Urban Challenges And Opportunities (part 2) > Flashcards

Urban Challenges And Opportunities (part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Which areas in England have had the highest rates of population growth?

A

South (mostly East) and Midlands

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2
Q

What does densely populated mean?

A

Lots of people in an area

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3
Q

What does sparsely populated mean?

A

Place that contains few people

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4
Q

What is population distribution?

A

The way in which people are spread over an area

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5
Q

What is population density?

A

Measurement of amount of people in one area.
People per square kilometer

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6
Q

Describe the distribution of major cities in the UK.

A

Major cities are mostly in the Midlands but largest city is London

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7
Q

Why are many UK cities in coastal locations?

A

Trade, import/export

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8
Q

What is a global city?

A

A city considered one of the most important cities in the world: economic and cultural impact. Significant role in international trade and commercial power.

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9
Q

Where is London?

A

In South East England in the UK. In Europe and Northern Hemisphere. 00° 51°

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10
Q

How many people visited London in 2018?

A

20.42 million

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11
Q

What percent of London is green space?

A

40%

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12
Q

What is Londons population?

A

8.9 million

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13
Q

How much of UKs population is in London?

A

12.5%

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14
Q

How many jobs are there in inner London?

A

2 million

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15
Q

How much of Londons population were born outside of the UK?

A

37%

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16
Q

What does multicultural mean?

A

Consisting of or relating to people of many different nationalities and cultures

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17
Q

Where is the non-white population in London mainly located?

A

Follows North of Thames

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18
Q

What is in internal migration?

A

Within the UK

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19
Q

What is international migration?

A

From outside the UK

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20
Q

Why do people leave London to live elsewhere elsewhere in the UK?

A

Cost of living
Wanting to move out of crowded/noisy/polluted city

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21
Q

Why do people move to London?

A

Job opportunities
Education

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22
Q

How does the cultural mix lead to opportunities?

A

Festivals- greater variety of recreational activities.
Fulfill jobs not necessarily wanted by people already living in London.

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23
Q

What percent of doctors come from overseas?

A

26%

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24
Q

How much higher is productivity in London that UK average?

A

40%

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25
Q

How do unemployment rates nationally compare to London in June 2022?

A

7.6% London
6.3% nationally

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26
Q

How many people were working in London in 2017?

A

5.2 million

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27
Q

How much of Londons transport is public transport?

A

25%

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28
Q

How much did the number of cycle trips increase by between 2000 and 2018?

A

144%

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29
Q

What does urban greening mean?

A

Increasing and protecting the open space

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30
Q

What does gentrification mean?

A

Character of poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving houses and attracting new businesses, often displacing current inhabitants in the process

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31
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of gentrification?

A

Creates a better, safer area

Pushes people out of their homes, looks sterile

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32
Q

What is Crossrail?

A

A new railway

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33
Q

What are the advantages of Crossrail?

A

Reduces journey times
Increased number of passenger journeys in London by 10%
Improved inter grated transport system in London
Property values increase by 25%

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34
Q

How much did Crossrail cost?

A

Between £27 and £34

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35
Q

What does social deprivation mean?

A

The degree to such an individual or an area is deprived of services, decent housing, adequate income and local employment

36
Q

Which factors can be used to indicate inequality and areas of social deprivation?

A

Lower income
Education standards
Pollution
Poverty
Unemployment
Crime

37
Q

What patterns are there between social deprivation and non-white populations?

A

Tends to correlate

38
Q

What does urban deprivation mean?

A

Deterioration of the inner city. Visible difference in housing and economic opportunities

39
Q

Why is it harder for the poor in London to have a decent SoL?

A

Things are more expensive
Rents are high

40
Q

Why are there housing shortages in London?

A

Limited space
Popular
Haven’t build enough
20 000 people built for each year but 100 000 new people each year

41
Q

What are the main sources of atmospheric pollution?

A

Vehicle exhausts
Modern heating systems

42
Q

What is London doing to tackle poor air quality?

A

Free app to check air quality
Invest money in cycling
Congestion charges
Newer, less polluting buses

43
Q

How much of Londons waste is recycled?

A

61%

44
Q

What is Londons target with waste?

A

Zero waste to landfill by 2030

45
Q

What is rural urban fringe protected by?

A

Greenbelt Laws (1946)
Enforce strict planning laws

46
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

Outward growth of area of city

47
Q

What is a commuter settlement?

A

Town or village outside London where most residents commute to work in London.

48
Q

What issues are caused by urban sprawl?

A

Land is consumed and displaces wildlife.
Increased traffic.
Extra cost to taxpayer.

49
Q

What is a greenfield site?

A

Land that has previously not been built on

50
Q

What is a brownfield site?

A

Land that has been previously built on

51
Q

What are the advantages of building on brownfield sites?

A

It is more sustainable
Infrastructure already exists
Gentrification will occur
Access to better transport infrastructure
Redevelopment helps surrounding businesses

52
Q

What are the disadvantages of building on brownfield sites?

A

House prices would increase in city as people move back. Council could struggle.
Issues with contamination
Clearing rubbish is expensive

53
Q

What are the advantages of building on greenfield sites?

A

May be less congestion
Sites are easier to build on
Build big houses
Reduce traffic and congestion

54
Q

What are the disadvantages of building on greenfield sites?

A

It is not sustainable
New drainage, electricity and roads have to be produced
Wildlife may suffer
People may protest

55
Q

What does urban regeneration mean?

A

The attempt to reverse areas in decline by both improving the physical structure and the economy of those areas

56
Q

Where is the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park?

A

Stratford in East End of London.

57
Q

Stratford was in ___% most deprived in London.

A

5

58
Q

Why was unemployment so high by the 1970s in Stratford?

A

Previously employed in industry but overseas competition meant that it was cheaper to build abroad than import.

59
Q

What does deindustrialisation mean?

A

Decline of industry in an area leading to urban decline.

60
Q

What issues did Stratford face?

A

Excess rubbish
Derelict buildings
Graffiti- unwelcoming
Low GCSE achievements
Higher average unemployment than rest of London
Lower average income

61
Q

Why was the area chosen for regeneration?

A

Many brownfield sites and space for redevelopment
Existing infrastructure- access to rest of London
One of the most deprived areas- long term benefits

62
Q

What are some social challenges of the Olympic Park Regeneration Project?

A

Construction can disrupt communities
Cost of living will increase, harder for poor
Some lose homes
Parts of cost paid by national lottery so other areas lose out
Congestion and pollution increased
Council will have to provide since locals cannot afford housing

63
Q

How much did the project cost?

A

£10 billion

64
Q

How many original businesses were relocated and how many jobs were lost or moved?

A

380 businesses
9000 jobs

65
Q

What are some social benefits created by the scheme?

A

Transport links improved
New shops created
New sport facilities

66
Q

What are some economic benefits created by the Olympic park regeneration?

A

Better image for London
High rise built which employs 25 000 people

67
Q

How much open space was made?

A

100 hectares

68
Q

What is a sustainable city?

A

One that can meet the current needs without making it difficult for future generations. Doesn’t damage environment irreversibly.

69
Q

What does BedZED stand for?

A

Beddington Zero Energy Development

70
Q

Where is BedZED?

A

Beddington, Surrey, South-West London. Brownfield site

71
Q

What was the aim of BedZED?

A

Create a net zero fossil energy development
Only energy from renewable energy sources used
Carbon neutral development

72
Q

What are the advantages of BedZED being built on a brownfield site?

A

It is cheaper
Better for environment

73
Q

How did developers minimise the carbon footprint that went into making the homes?

A

Built from sustainable materials close to site, reduces mileage.
Use waste products to fuel.

74
Q

How is BedZED built to help reduce energy consumption?

A

Triple-glazing and thick wall to insulate
No central heating or AC needed
Wind cowl ventilated homes in summer

75
Q

Why are roofs covered in sedum (moss)?

A

Absorbs water and releases it slowly can be used to flush toilets

76
Q

How many Londoners die early from air pollution each year?

A

9416

77
Q

How much does air pollution cos the London economy each year?

A

£3.7 billion

78
Q

What percent of primary schools in London are in areas that breach legal NO2 limit?

A

24%

79
Q

What are the largest sources of nitrogen dioxide pollutions in London?

A

The red buses

80
Q

Which type of fuel will be used for all double decker buses by 2019?

A

Hybrid, electric or hydrogen

81
Q

What is the aim for buses by 2037?

A

All 9200 buses across London will be 0 emission

82
Q

How many Low Emission Neighbourhoods are planned?

A

5

83
Q

What is the cycling target for London by 2026?

A

400% increase

84
Q

What are 3 methods to encourage cycling?

A

London Cycle hire scheme- 6000 bikes available
Cycle superhighways- 120 000 cycle trips each day
Route improvements

85
Q

What does ULEZ stand for?

A

Ultra Low Emission Zone

86
Q

What is a ULEZ?

A

Affects older more polluting vehicles.
£12.50 for small verhicles
£100 for heavy vehicles

Geography (16 decks)

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