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biology > Community Ecology > Flashcards

Community Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

A ______________ is all populations of all species living together in a given area

A

community

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2
Q

What does a community consisted of?

A

Plants, animals, fungi, microorganisms

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3
Q

Different species interact with each other in _________ ways

A

different

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4
Q

Interactions affect which species are present and their ___________

A

abundance

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5
Q

Interactions have __________ over long periods of time

A

evolved

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6
Q

habitat

A

place where an individual (or population) lives; “mailing address”

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7
Q

niche

A

full range of biotic and abiotic conditions under which a species can live and reproduce; “way of life”

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8
Q

different species have different _______

A

niches

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9
Q

species interact with each other in complex ways — both ________ & __________

A

directly and indirectly

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10
Q

What is amensalism?

A

one species harmed, no effect on other

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11
Q

What is an example of amensalism?

A

mammals grazing around water holes trample and kill plants

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12
Q

What is Commensalism?

A

one species benefits; no effect on second species

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13
Q

What is an example of Commensalism?

A

tree provides nesting sites and cover for birds

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14
Q

What is Mutualism?

A

both species benefit

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15
Q

What is an example of Mutualism?

A

pollination

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16
Q

Many mutualisms are highly __________

A

coevolved

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17
Q

What is an example obligate mutualism?

A

yuccas and yucca moths; each yucca species is pollinated by a single yucca moth species

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18
Q

What is species-specific or obligate mutualism?

A

sometimes each species is totally dependent on the other

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19
Q

What is Competition?

A

use of a limiting resource by two or more individuals

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20
Q

What is a resource? and a example

A

anything used by organisms that can lead to population growth, whose availability is reduced by use; e.g. food, space

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21
Q

What is a limited resource?

A

The supply is less than its demand

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22
Q

if a resource is limiting, two species may __________ for it

A

compete

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23
Q

What is this called “requirement for the same resource by two species.”

A

niche overlap

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24
Q

competition can occur between two individuals of the same species is called?

A

intraspecific competition

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25
Q

competition can occur between two individuals of the two different species is called?

A

interspecific competition

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26
Q

What is Competitive Exclusion?

A

when a species is excluded from a habitat because it cannot compete effectively

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27
Q

What is a predator?

A

animal which gets its food from other living organisms (prey)

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28
Q

The predator _________________ prey

A

may or may not kill

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29
Q

predator and prey populations often ______________ over time

A

fluctuate (or oscillate)

30
Q

___________________ may contribute to prey population cycles. What another example?

A

other factors besides predators; Food Supply

31
Q

Predation may be a _______________ the community (affects the identity and abundance of individual species)

A

powerful force that structures

32
Q

Paine looked at marine communities containing many species of ________________________

A

invertebrates and Pisaster, a large predatory starfish

33
Q

What is the classic example of predation?

A

experiment with purple sea star (Pisaster) by Robert Paine, 1966

34
Q

Paine roped off _______________ & ____________ from some

A

experimental plots and removed all the Pisaster

35
Q

What is the result from Robert Paine experiment?

A

mussels were superior competitors and crowded out the other species

36
Q

In Paine experiment, ____________ without Pisaster: ___________ of invertebrates and algae disappeared!

A

community crashed; 28 species

37
Q

Pisaster predation keeps _______________ other invertebrate species to flourish

A

mussel numbers down and allows

38
Q

Pisaster is what’s now known as a ________________

A

keystone species

39
Q

Removal of a keystone causes community_____________

A

species diversity to crash

40
Q

Predator-prey __________ has also occurred over long periods of time

A

coevolution

41
Q

prey species have _______________ against predation

A

evolved defenses

42
Q

What is camouflage?

A

adaptation that allows organism to blend in with its surroundings

43
Q

What is another word for camouflage?

A

crypsis or cryptic coloration

44
Q

What is example of crypsis

A

gray treefrog blends in with tree bark very well

45
Q

What is flash coloration?

A

The prey will flash brights colors at predator and it will confused the predator since the predator will look for the bright colors.

46
Q

Another prey defense is ____________________________

A

startle displays and chemical defenses

47
Q

What is an example of startle display?

A

Hognose snake: flattens head and neck and hisses loudly (but doesn’t bite!) If further harassed, gapes mouth, rolls over and plays dead

48
Q

What is chemical defenses?

A

some species use toxic, distasteful, or foul-smelling chemicals as defense

49
Q

What are examples of species that use chemical defenses?

A

Bombardier Beetle; lionfish; toads

50
Q

What is warning coloration?

A

some toxic species have evolved bright patterns/colors that warn predators

51
Q

What is warning coloration also called?

A

aposematic coloration

52
Q

What species have aposematic coloration?

A

poison-dart frogs of new world tropics

53
Q

What is mimicry?

A

a species evolves to resemble a toxic or inedible species

54
Q

What species has a example of mimicry?

A

Viceroy butterfly is nontoxic; has evolved pattern very similar to monarch

55
Q

Monarch butterfly has evolved __________ to prevent it from being eaten.

A

Warning coloration

56
Q

What are the two types of mimicry?

A

Batesian mimicry and Müllerian mimicry

57
Q

What is Batesian mimicry?

A

a palatable species mimics an unpalatable or noxious species

58
Q

What is Müllerian mimicry?

A

two or more unpalatable species evolve similar appearance

59
Q

What animals show Batesian mimicry?

A

scarlet kingsnake and coral snake

60
Q

Mimicry is quite common in ___________________________.

A

tropical butterflies and moths

61
Q

What is parasitism?

A

a parasite gets its food from another living organism (its host)

62
Q

parasite lives ___________ or ______________ its host for part of its life cycle

A

in (endoparasite) or on (ectoparasite)

63
Q

________ or ______________ host — usually to parasite’s advantage not to!

A

may or may not kill

64
Q

parasites can be ________________________
(think animals)

A

microorganisms, worms, arthropods

65
Q

What are some examples of parasites?
(Think aniamals)

A

ticks, fleas, lice, etc.

66
Q

When a community is disturbed, there is often a ______________________________________ the area

A

predictable succession of species recolonizing

67
Q

What are the 2 different types of succession?

A

primary and secondary

68
Q

occurs in areas previously devoid of life, is what?

A

primary succession

69
Q

occurs in disturbed areas that were previously inhabited, is what?

A

secondary succession

70
Q

What is examples of areas that are devoid of life?

A

after glaciers retreat, or after new volcanic island forms

71
Q

What is examples of areas that were previously inhabitable?

A

abandoned farm fields

biology (15 decks)

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