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Biology > Prokaryote > Flashcards

Prokaryote Flashcards

1
Q

In the word “Prokaryote” mean?

A

Pro = before, karyon = nucleus

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2
Q

In Prokaryotes they have; no _______, no _________, no __________

A

nucleus; organelles; cytoskeleton

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3
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

1) Bacteria and 2) Archaea (both prokaryotes), and 3) Eukarya

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4
Q

In Bacteria, _______ collection of many species

A

Diverse

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5
Q

In Bacteria, So widespread we have only ___________ about their ecology

A

generalizations

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6
Q

In Bacteria, Key to success is _____________

A

metabolic diversity

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7
Q

More _________- in your gut than all people who ever lived

A

bacteria

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8
Q

What are the important biosphere functions in bacteria?

A

Cycle nutrients (decomposers)
Some trap energy from sun or chemicals
Some help animals digest food

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9
Q

What are the four common bacteria shapes?

A

coccus, cocci
bacillus, bacilli
vibrio, vibrios
spirillum, spirilla [rigid]; spirochaetes [flexible]

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10
Q

What type of shape is coccus, cocci?

A

Spheres

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11
Q

What type of shape is bacillus, bacilli?

A

Rods

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12
Q

What type of shape is vibrio, vibrios?

A

Comma-shaped

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13
Q

What type of shape isspirillum, spirilla [rigid]; spirochaetes [flexible]?

A

Spirals

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14
Q

What is the anatomy of a bacteria?

A

No nucleus; a supercoiled chromosome
Plasma membrane; most have a wall, too Cytoplasm contains ribosomes

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15
Q

Most bacteria have a cell wall of ____________(amino sugar polymer)

A

peptidoglycan

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16
Q

Some bacteria also have __________- capsule

A

polysaccharide

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17
Q

Gram staining separates most into two groups and they are?

A

Gram-positive and gram-negative

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18
Q

What is a gram-positive tell?

A

stain blue to purple; thick exterior peptidoglycan layer

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19
Q

What is a gram-negative tell?

A

stain pink to red; thin peptidoglycan within lipopolysaccharide envelope

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20
Q

Some bacteria have rotating _________ made of protein _________

A

flagella; flagellin

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21
Q

Some bacterial cells have ________ (shorter, hairlike) for __________ to other cells or surfaces

A

fimbriae; adhering

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22
Q

In bacterial reproduction, ______ replicates first

A

DNA

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23
Q

In bacterial reproduction, Cells divide by _______ (asexual)

A

fission

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24
Q

Bacteria may exchange DNA fragments which is called?

A

conjugation

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25
Q

pick up DNA from environment which is what?

A

transformation

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26
Q

__________ rate means prokaryotes can evolve quickly

A

Rapid reproductive

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27
Q

What are the different types of bacterial metabolism?

A

Obligate anaerobes Facultative anaerobes
Obligate aerobes

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28
Q

What is Obligate anaerobes?

A

cannot live if O2 present

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29
Q

What is Facultative anaerobes?

A

shift between anaerobic & aerobic modes

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30
Q

What is Obligate aerobes?

A

cannot survive without O2

31
Q

What are the different ways bacterial can get its nutrition?

A

Photoautotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
Chemoheterotrophs

32
Q

What are Photoautotrophs and examples?

A

photosynthesizers (algae)

33
Q

What are Photoheterotrophs?

A

use sunlight as energy, but use organic compounds as a source of carbon (purple nonsulfur bacteria)

34
Q

What are Chemoautotrophs?

A

energy from oxidizing inorganic substances (deep sea thermal vent bacteria)

35
Q

What are Chemoheterotrophs?

A

obtain energy and carbon from organic compounds (animals; most known bacteria and Archaea))

36
Q

Some bacteria metabolize ________________

A

sulfur or nitrogen

37
Q

In some bacteria, they use nitrogen or sulfur compounds (not oxygen) as __________

A

electron acceptors

38
Q

What is the important role in Diazotrophs?

A

key role in nitrogen cycle: “fix” nitrogen gas (N2) into form usable by plants/animals

39
Q

Plants/animals depend on bacteria for________

A

nitrogen

40
Q

___________ of dead organisms and return of nutrients to soil

A

Decomposition

41
Q

_______________________: descendants of once free-living bacteria

A

Mitochondria & chloroplasts

42
Q

Cows & other ruminants (grazers): depend on ____________ to digest cellulose

A

prokaryotes

43
Q

Bacteria produce vitamins B12 and K in _______ intestines

A

human

44
Q

What are the rules for showing a particular microorganism causes a particular disease?

A

The microorganism must always be found in individuals with the disease
The microorganism can be taken from the host and grown in pure culture
A sample of the culture produces the disease when injected into a new, healthy host
The newly infected host yields a new, pure culture of microorganisms identical to those obtained in the second step

45
Q

Pathogen definition: it must?

A

Arrive at the body surface
Enter the body
Evade detection/defenses
Multiply inside host
Infect new hosts

46
Q

What determines seriousness of infection?

A

Invasiveness of pathogen
Toxigenicity of pathogen

47
Q

What are Endotoxins and examples?

A

lipopolysaccharides from outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria; cause fever, vomiting, diarrhea; Salmonella, Escherichia coli

48
Q

What are Exotoxins and examples?

A

produced & released by living, multiplying bacteria; tetanus

49
Q

Enotoxins can be______ toxic or _________; no fever

A

highly; fatal

50
Q

What are the different ways of Classifying prokaryotes in the past?

A

color, shape, staining, antiobiotic resistance used to classify

51
Q

What are the different ways of Classifying prokaryotes today?

A

nucleic acid sequences (especially ribosomal or rRNA) giving clues

52
Q

What are the Bacterial lineages?

A

Proteobacteria
Cyanobacteria
Spirochetes

53
Q

Proteobacteria are the _______ group

A

largest

54
Q

Proteobacteria is the origin of_________ in Eukarya

A

mitochondria

55
Q

Example of Proteobacteria

A

E. coil

56
Q

Cyanobacteria is important _________

A

photoautotrophs

57
Q

Cyanobacteria is the origin of ____________ in Eukarya

A

chloroplasts

58
Q

Examples of Cyanobacteria

A

Anabaena; Oscillatoria: colonial, filamentous

59
Q

Spirochetes resemble ________

A

corkscrews

60
Q

Examples of Spirochetes

A

Some human parasites (syphilis: Treponema); others free-living

61
Q

Chlamydias are ________ parasites

A

Intracellular

62
Q

Examples of Chlamydias

A

Eye infections, STD, & some forms of pneumonia

63
Q

Firmicutes: most are gram-________

A

positive

64
Q

In Firmicutes, some _______ milk to yogurt or cheese.
Some produce __________: heat-resistant resting structures

A

ferment; endospores

65
Q

Examples of Firmicutes

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

66
Q

Actinobacteria: elaborately branched __________

A

filaments

67
Q

Examples of Actinobacteria

A

Most antibiotics (including streptomycin) from actinobacteria

68
Q

In some bacteria have Endospores that have a __________ coat and a amazingly long __________

A

Tough protein; dormant span

69
Q

Examples of bacteria that have Endospores

A

Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani

70
Q

Less diverse than Bacteria are the?

A

Archaea

71
Q

Many archaea live in _________ environments?

A

harsh

72
Q

Archaea have No ________ in cell wall and they have
a unique membrane _______

A

peptidoglycan; lipids

73
Q

Some Archaea are ____________________

A

Thermophiles & acidophiles

Biology (15 decks)

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