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MIMM 413 > Trichinella > Flashcards

Trichinella Flashcards

1
Q

What is the smallest nematode parasite of humans

A

trichinella

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2
Q

true or false: trichinella is food born zoonosis

A

true

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3
Q

prevalence of swine trichinellosis and the incidence of human greater where?

A

china, thailand, mexico, argentina, bolivia and some central european countries

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4
Q

what is the worlds largest intracellular nematode parasite

A

trichinella

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5
Q

true or faslse: trichinella is host specific

A

false: it is not host specific

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6
Q

what is the smallest worms amongst the nematode

A

trichinella

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7
Q

true or false: trichinella is super rare

A

nope lol
it is one of the most widespread and clinically important nematode in the world

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8
Q

in trichinella: the same individual serves as both the…. and the …..

A

the definitive and the intermediate host

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9
Q

where does trichinellosis come from in canada

A

wild game aka hunting

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10
Q

distribution and major hosts of t spiralis

A

-cosmopolitan
-domestic pigs and wild mammals

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11
Q

t nativa distribution and major hosts

A

-artic
-bears and walrus

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12
Q

t pseudospiralis distribution and major hosts

A

-cosmopolitan
-wild mammals and birds

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13
Q

which trichinella are non encapsulating

A

-pseudospiralis
-papuae
-zimbabwensis

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14
Q

reservoirs of t brivoti

A

fox, pig, wild bears, horse, jackals, cat

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15
Q

reservoir of t nelsoni

A

bush pigs and warthogs

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16
Q

where is trichinella pseudospiralis

A

north america, europe, asia, tasmania

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17
Q

characteristics of t spiralis

A

-high reproductive capacity
-no freezing resistance

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18
Q

characteristics of t nativa

A

-low reproductive capacity
-freezing resistance

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19
Q

t pseudospiralis characteristivs

A

-low reproductive capacity
-no freezing resistance
-no capsule

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20
Q

t nelsoni characteristics

A

-low reproductivity capacity
-no freezing resistance

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21
Q

where is T nelsoni

A

africa

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22
Q

where is t britovi

A

temperate zone

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23
Q

t britovi characteristics

A

-low reproductive capacity
-freezing resistance

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24
Q

when was trichinella first described and why who

A

-in 1835 by own from a cadaver muscle on london

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25
Q

who baptised trichinella spiralis and when

A

raillet in 1895

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26
Q

true or false: nematodes are usually host specific

A

true

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27
Q

true or false: trichinella can adapt to a multitude of hosts

A

true

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28
Q

which countries are free of trichinella

A

puerto rico and australia

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29
Q

why does trichinella have a unique life cycle

A

-because of its intracellular localization at 2 different tissues sites:
-enterocytes
-skeletal striated muscle cell which represents the habitat

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30
Q

all stages of the life cycle of trichinella occur where?

A

in the same host

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31
Q

true or false: almost any mammal can be infected by trichinella

A

true

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32
Q

which are the most important hosts from a medical and vetenary point of view for trichinella

A

-humans
-swine and horses
-but birds and reptiles can be affected

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33
Q

juveniles of trichinella are carried away by what

A

-by the hepatoportal through the liveer, heart, the lungs and the arterial system

34
Q

juveniles of trichinella are found in which tissue?

A

in almost all tissues
-eventually they reach the skeletal muscle

35
Q

which parasite is kinda like a virus

A

trichinella

36
Q

why is trichinella like a virus

A

-they subvert and redirect the host cell activities to their survival
-they alter the gene expression of host cell
-they change their vocation from that of a contractile fiber to that of a nurse cell and they become intracellular

37
Q

during their life cycle, trichinella larvae undergo what

A

-4 molts over a period of 30 hs developing into adults

38
Q

the female and the male trichinella measures how long

A

3mm in lenght
-male: 1.5mm

39
Q

how long is the larvae for trichinella

A

0.8mm

40
Q

patency of trichinella begins when

A

-it begins 5 days after mating
-males can copulate several times and die shortly after adult females release live offsprings

41
Q

what are the steps leading to encystation of trichinella

A

-larvae enters the muscle fiber cells
-fiber loses its myofilaments
-fiber nuclei enlarge
-fiber smooth endoplasmic reticulum increases
-fiber mitochondria degenerates
-encapsulation of the unit with collagen secreted by neighboring fibroblast

42
Q

calcification of the encysted larvae or trichinella occurs in…..

A

18 months
-encysted larvea remain alive for years

43
Q

true or false: t pseudospiralis had a capsule

A

nope it does not

44
Q

what is the stichosome

A

it consists of a row of discoid cells containing secretory granules

45
Q

what is the name of the cells in the stichosome

A

they are called stichocytes and they secrete antigens into the nurse cell parasite complex during nurse cell formation

46
Q

it has been hypothesized that secretory excretory substances from the stichocytes…..

A

not only are immunogenic but also mediate alteration of host gene expression

47
Q

do we know why some muscles are more invaded by trichinella than others

A

no

48
Q

what are the most invaded muscles in trichinella

A

-eye
-tongue
-masticatory musles
-diaphragm
-intercostals
-arms and legs

49
Q

true or false: in trichinella: nurse cells don’t form in the heart muscle cells

A

true
-they do not encyst in smooth muscles

50
Q

true or false: in trichinella: myocarditis is transitory

A

true

51
Q

true or false: nurse cells form in the nervous system in trichinella

A

false: they don’t

52
Q

in trichinella: the invasion of muscles is associated with an intense…..

A

inflammatory reaction

53
Q

edema develops … days after penetration of the muscle cell

A

14 days

54
Q

the inflammatory reaction is rased after ….

A

the release of secretory-excretory antigens

55
Q

a first infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis will protect against what?

A

trichinellosis

56
Q

aquired immunity to trichinella is of the .. type

A

th1
-mtb stimulates a th1 type of immune response

57
Q

what type of other parasite protects against trichinella, why and what type of immunity is it

A

toxoplasma because it also stimulates a th1 type immune response
-non specific acquired immunity

58
Q

Resistance to infections may be classified into 3 categories

A

-innate resistance
-non specific acquired immunity
-specific acquired immunity

59
Q

example of innate resistance for trichinella

A

Natural resistance to infection. For example, Trichinella is
not infective to fish, or amphibians. In addition, the genetic background of
the host has an influence on the outcome of the infection. Mechanisms of
innate immunity like mucus acts as a barrier.

60
Q

what is non specific acquired immunity

A

resistance acquired after a first contact with an unrelated infectious agent or an immunogenic substance

61
Q

what is specific acquired immunity

A

-resistance acquired after a first contact with the same infectious agent

62
Q

trichinellosis: specific acquired immunity give the example

A

-in trichinellosis, both the th1 and th2 type of immunity play a role

63
Q

what is the role of th1 and th2 response in trichinellosis

A

-Serum antibodies of the IgM, IgG, and IgE isotypes are detected. IgA antibodies are detected in the gut.
-T cells and ADCC also play a role.

64
Q

true or false: blood eosinophilia is a typical response to nematodes

A

true

65
Q

why are eosinophils important in trichinella

A

because they reach levels of that are super high aka 19 000 cells/ul

66
Q

the control of eosinophil levels by T cells is exerted why what

A

activation of th2 cells which produce high levels of il5

67
Q

Eosinophil induction, recruitment and products during Trichinella spiralis infection. WHat are the things that are gonna get activated?

A

-alternatively activated macrophages
-arginase 1
-chininase like molecule
-eosinophil
-galectin
-granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor
-interleukin

68
Q

what are the 3 stages of development of trichinellosis

A

-intestinal stage
-migrating larvae
-muscle

69
Q

intestinal stage trichinellosis

A

worms migrating in the intestinal epithelium cause traumatic damage to the tissue
-inflammation causes nausea, vomiting, sweating and diarrhea

70
Q

migrating larvae stage trichinellosis

A

-juveniles damage blood vessels resulting in localized edema
-they may cause pneumonia, encephalitis, eye damage and etc

71
Q

muscle stage trichinellosis

A

-formation of nurse cells cause muscle pain, difficulty in breathing and swallowing
-presence of eosinophilia and edema in tissues

72
Q

what are the 4 cardinal features of acute trichinellosis

A

-fever
-orbital oedema
-myalgia
-eosinophilia

73
Q

nailbed haemorrhages are a frequent sign of what

A

acute trichinellosis

74
Q

true or false: in trichinella, even subclinical stages can be detected

A

false, they go undetected

75
Q

why are subclinical cases undetected in trichinella

A

-adult worms cannot be detected in a stool specimen
-migrating juveniles cant be detected

76
Q

how are muscle nurse cells detected in trichinella

A

by biopsy

77
Q

in trichinella: serology is… sensitive method in the acude phase

A

not very sensitive

78
Q

pcq is useful for what in trichinella

A

epidemiological studies

79
Q

treatment of trichinella

A

It is basically given to relieve the symptoms by using analgesics and immunosuppressive drugs like prednisone and corticosteroids to reduce the inflammation

80
Q

T zimbabwensis has been recorded in 40% of farmed …..

A

Nile crocodiles

81
Q

T papuae have been identified in …. of villagers in the south-west corner of Papua New Guinea

A

1/3

82
Q
A

MIMM 413 (24 decks)

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