Week 22 #2

Question 1

Homotypic stability

Answer 1

Consistency of the exact same thoughts, feelings, and behaviors across development

Question 2

Longitudinal study/design

Answer 2

A research design that follows the same group of individuals at multiple time points

Question 3

Manipulation

Answer 3

A connection between personality attributes and aspects of the environment that occurs whenever individuals with particular traits actively shape their environments

Question 4

Person–environment transactions

Answer 4

The interplay between individuals and their contextual circumstances that ends up shaping both personality and the environment

Question 5

Selection

Answer 5

A connection between personality attributes and aspects of the environment that occurs whenever individuals with particular attributes choose particular kinds of environments

Question 6

Stress reaction

Answer 6

The tendency to become easily distressed by the normal challenges of life

Question 7

Transformation

Answer 7

The term for personality changes associated with experience and life events

Question 8

Reactive person–environment transactions

Answer 8

The interplay between individuals and their contextual circumstances that occurs whenever attributes of the individual shape how a person perceives and responds to their environment.

Question 9

High-stakes testing

Answer 9

• Settings in which test scores are used to make important decisions about individuals
• test scores may be used to determine which individuals are admitted into a college or graduate school, or who should be hired for a job

Question 10

Honeymoon effect

Answer 10

The tendency for newly married individuals to rate their spouses in an unrealistically positive manner

Question 11

Implicit motives

Answer 11

goals that are important to a person, but that they cannot consciously express.

Question 12

Letter of recommendation effect

Answer 12

The general tendency for informants in personality studies to rate others in an unrealistically positive manner

Question 13

Projective hypothesis

Answer 13

The theory that when people are confronted with ambiguous stimuli (that is, stimuli that can be interpreted in more than one way), their responses will be influenced by their unconscious thoughts, needs, wishes, and impulses

Question 14

Reference group effect

Answer 14

The tendency of people to base their self-concept on comparisons with others

Question 15

Reliability

Answer 15

The consistency of test scores across repeated assessments

Question 16

Self-enhancement bias

Answer 16

The tendency for people to see and/or present themselves in an overly favorable way

Question 17

Sibling contrast effect

Answer 17

The tendency of parents to use their perceptions of all of their children as a frame of reference for rating the characteristics of each of them

Question 18

Validity

Answer 18

evidence related to the interpretation and use of test scores.

Question 19

Heterotypic stability

Answer 19

the psychological coherence of an individual’s thoughts, feelings and behaviours across development

Question 20

Cumulative continuity principle

Answer 20

The generalization that personality attributes show increasing stability with age and experience

Question 21

Corresponsive principle

Answer 21

The idea that personality traits often become matched with environmental conditions such that an individual’s social context acts to accentuate and reinforce their personality attributes

Question 22

Hostile attribution bias

Answer 22

The tendency of some individuals to interpret ambiguous social cues and interactions as examples of aggressiveness, disrespect, or antagonism