Mutations, Gene Expression

Question 1

point mutations

Answer 1

change in or loss of single base (or adding an extra one)

Question 2

synonymous (silent) point mutation

Answer 2

codes for the same amino acid

Question 3

missense point mutation

Answer 3

codes for the wrong amino acid

Question 4

nonsense point mutation

Answer 4

codes for the stop codon

Question 5

frameshift mutations

Answer 5

amino end of protein is normal, but the carboxyl end will be abnormal/truncated due to insertion or deletion of nucleotides

Question 6

how can mutations in noncoding regions have effects?

Answer 6

could disrupt stop codon, promoter, terminator, splice sites, polyA site

Question 7

non coding transcription units

Answer 7

non messenger RNA like tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, telomerase RNA; lack 5’ caps, can be mutations in these since they are from DNA

Question 8

gene expression

Answer 8

most cells contain the same DNA but not all cells make (express) functional proteins from DNA

Question 9

transcription factor

Answer 9

proteins that bind to specific nucleotide sequences in DNA which can increase or decrease transcription of nearby genes

Question 10

lac-operon promoter

Answer 10

RNA polymerase

Question 11

operator

Answer 11

repressor binds to lactose

Question 12

CRP

Answer 12

enzyme/protein that binds to cAMP

Question 13

cAMP

Answer 13

cAMP levels are high when lactose levels are high and glucose levels are low