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Bio 151 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

ganglia

A

many neurons

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2
Q

cephalization

A

creating a concentration of sensory organs and nervous system components at the front of the body

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3
Q

pathway of nervous system

A

sensory (sensory neurons) –> sensory input (PNS) –> integration (CNS) –> motor output (PNS) –> effector

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4
Q

sensory neuron

A

cell body in middle of axon, in PNS

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5
Q

interneurons

A

cell body near dendrites, in CNS

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6
Q

motor neurons

A

cell body near dendrites, in PNS

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7
Q

dendrite

A

receives signals from other nerves, at the top of the cell

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8
Q

axon hillock

A

connects dendrite and axon, where action potential is triggered

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9
Q

what is the difference between a nerve cell and other cells?

A

an axon

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10
Q

axon

A

the long fatty section of the nerve, where the signals are sent down

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11
Q

presynaptic cell

A

cell that is sending the signal, before the signal is sent

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12
Q

postsynaptic cell

A

cell that receives the signal

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13
Q

synapse

A

the gap/connection between two nerves

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14
Q

neuron vs nerve

A

neuron is the functional unit of a nerve, multiple neurons make up a nerve

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15
Q

1st step of neuronal signal transduction

A

stimuli is received by dendrites and cell body

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16
Q

2nd step of neuronal signal transduction

A

synaptic stimuli summoned at axon hillock where an action potential is triggered if the sum of the arriving signals is greater than the threshold

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17
Q

3rd step of neuronal signal transduction

A

action potential conducted along axon and axon terminal where neurotransmitters are released

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18
Q

what happens to released neurotransmitters?

A

they bind to receptors on postsynaptic cell membrane and potentially create a new signal

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19
Q

resting membrane potential of a neuron

A

-70 mV

20
Q

action potential

A

the depolarization of a cell

21
Q

steps of an action potential

A
  1. reaching threshold, 2. depolarization (Na+ rushes in), 3. repolarization (K+ rushes out), 4. refractory period
22
Q

how does depolarization occur?

A

there are voltage gated sodium channels that are opened when the threshold is reached, as the membrane potential reaches 40 the channels become blocked

23
Q

how does repolarization occur?

A

voltage gated potassium channels open and potassium will rush out of the cell

24
Q

inactivation gate

A

closes the sodium channel so it does not keep working during repolarization

25
Q

glial cell

A

provide chemical and physical support to other cells

26
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty outer layer that promotes movement of action potential

27
Q

salgatory propogation

A

movement of signal across axon

28
Q

node of ranvier

A

in between myelin sheath segments there are proteins where the signal is received

29
Q

axon terminal

A

receives and passes on the signal

30
Q

vesicles role in action potential

A

store neurotransmitters and exocytose when they should be released into synaptic cleft

31
Q

why do vesicles know when to exocytose?

A

voltage gated Ca2+ channels open which allows Ca to rush into presynaptic membrane and triggers vesicles

32
Q

what happens when the neurotransmitter (Ach) is released?

A

Ach binds to protein which opens ion channels for Na+ to rush into postsynaptic membrane

33
Q

astrocyte

A

type of glial cell, huge component of the CNS

34
Q

role of the astrocyte

A

structure neuron, repair damaged neurons with scar tissue, maintain homeostasis, creates blood brain barrier

35
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory signals which depolarize the cell, can have temporal or spacial summation

36
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory signals which hyperpolarize the cell

37
Q

temporal summation

A

multiple EPSPs arrive quickly at a single synapse and set off an action potential

38
Q

spacial summation

A

several signals at the asme time from different EPSPs leads to action potential

39
Q

afferent neurons

A

to CNS

40
Q

efferent neurons

A

away from CNS

41
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

made of a network of mainly neurons, anything that is not the brain or the spinal cord

42
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

43
Q

branches of the PNS

A

somatic and autonomic

44
Q

Somatic reponses

A

voluntary/conscious: reactions, sensing and responding to environment, etc

45
Q

Autonomic responses

A

involuntary/unconscious, sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

46
Q

Sympathetic system

A

fight or flight (accelerates heart, stimulates glucose release, inhibition of stomach and intestines)

47
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

rest and digest (slow heart, stimulates stomach and intestines)

Bio 151 (26 decks)

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