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Anatomy and Physiology 210 > Chapter 13: Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

The cerebrum is the

A

largest region with 2 hemispheres and five lobes per hemisphere

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2
Q

4 major brain regions

A

1- cerebrum
2- diencephalon
3- brainstem
4- cerebellum

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3
Q

Diencephalon consists of

A

epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

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4
Q

Brainstem consists of

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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5
Q

Cerebellum is the

A

second largest region

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6
Q

Gyri

A

ridges

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7
Q

Sulci

A

depressions between ridges

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8
Q

Fissures

A

deep sulci

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9
Q

The Cerebrum is the center of

A
  • intelligence and reasoning
  • thought, memory, and judgment
  • voluntary control of skeletal muscle
  • conscious perception of senses
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10
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

deep cleft separating hemispheres

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11
Q

Corpus callosum

A

largest tract providing connection between the two hemispheres

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12
Q

Cerebral lateralization

A

each hemisphere interacts with the opposite side of the body

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13
Q

Left hemisphere

A
  • categorical hemisphere
  • controls the right side
  • language and speech
  • “seat of logic”
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14
Q

Right hemisphere

A
  • representational hemisphere
  • controls left side
  • visuospatial relationships
  • “seat of emotions”
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15
Q

5 lobes of the brain

A

1- frontal
2- parietal
3- temporal
4- occipital
5- insula

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16
Q

Functions of the frontal lobe

A

motor control, concentration, verbal communication, decision-making, planning, and personality

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17
Q

Function of the parietal lobes

A

general sensory functions

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18
Q

Functions of the temporal lobes

A

hearing and smell

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19
Q

Functions of the occipital lobe

A

vision and visual memories

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20
Q

Functions of the Insula

A

memory and sense of taste

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21
Q

3 motor areas

A

1- primary motor cortex
2- motor speech area
3- frontal eye field

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22
Q

Primary motor cortex (somatic motor area)

A

located in the precentral gyrus; initiates voluntary skeletal muscle control

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23
Q

Motor speech area (Broca area)

A

located in the inferolateral portion of the left frontal lobe; controls movement for vocalization

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24
Q

Frontal eye field

A

located on superior surface of middle frontal gyrus; regulates eye movements needed for reading and binocular vision

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25
Q

The 5 sensory areas

A

1- primary somatosensory cortex
2- primary visual cortex
3- primary auditory cortex
4- primary olfactory cortex
5- primary gustatory cortex

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26
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

receives somatic sensory information

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27
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

receives, processes, and stores visual information

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28
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

receives, processes, and stores auditory information

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29
Q

Primary olfactory cortex

A

receives, processes, and stores odor information.

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30
Q

Primary gustatory cortex

A

receives, processes, and stores taste information

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31
Q

The 4 association areas

A

1- premotor cortex (somatic motor association area)
2- somatosensory association area
3- visual association area
4- auditory association area

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32
Q

Premotor cortex (somatic motor association area)

A

coordinates learned, skilled activities; located anterior to premotor cortex

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33
Q

Somatosensory association area

A

integrates touch information allowing us to identify objects by feel; immediately posterior to postcentral gyrus

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34
Q

Visual association area

A

integrates and interprets color, and form, to allow identification/recognition of things (ex. faces); located surrounding the primary visual cortex

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35
Q

Auditory association area

A

integrates and interprets sounds; located in the temporal lobe

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36
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

involved in language and comprehension; located in the left hemisphere

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36
Q

2 functional brain regions

A

1- wernicke area
2- gnostic area

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37
Q

Gnostic area

A

integrates somatosensory, visual, and auditory information of association areas; composed of regions of parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

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38
Q

Proprioception

A

aware of the body

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39
Q

Association areas

A

process and interpret data and/or coordinate motor response

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40
Q

Epilepsy

A

neurological disorder where neurons transmit action potentials too frequently and rapidly

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41
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA or stroke)

A

due to blocked arterial blood vessels or hemorrhage; reduced blood supply to part of brain; affects opposite side of body

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42
Q

Diencephalon

A

provides the relay and switching centers for:
- sensory and motor pathways
- control of visceral activities

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43
Q

Epithalamus

A

forms the posterior part of the roof of the diencephalon, covers the third ventricle; consists of the pineal gland and habenular nuclei

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44
Q

Pineal gland

A

helps regulate day-night cycles, circadian rhythm; endocrine gland secreting melatonin

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45
Q

Habenular nuclei

A

help relay signals from limbic system to midbrain; involved in visceral and emotional responses to odors

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46
Q

Thalamus

A

process and project somatosensory information to the somatosensory cortex; receives signals from all conscious senses except olfaction; filters out signals that are distracting from the subject of attention

47
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus

A

1- control of the autonomic nervous system
2- control of the endocrine system
3- regulation of body temperature
4- food intake
5- water intake
6- sleep-wake rhythm
7- emotional behavior

48
Q

Infundibulum

A

stalk of the pituitary that extends from hypothalamus

49
Q

Where is the hypothalamus found within the diencephalon

A

anterior inferior region of the diencephalon

50
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

impairment of skeletal muscle results from damage to the infant’s brain before, during, or right after birth

51
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

affects muscle movement and balance; caused by decreased dopamine production in substantia nigra

52
Q

Substantia nigra

A

a cluster of cells with a black appearance due to melanin; houses neurons producing dopamine; its degeneration causes Parkinson’s disease

53
Q

Brainstem

A

connects the cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to the spinal cord; contains ascending and descending tracts; contains autonomic nuclei, nuclei of cranial nerves, and reflex centers

54
Q

The brainstem includes 3 regions

A

1- midbrain
2- pons
3- medulla oblongata

55
Q

Midbrain

A

components:
- substantia nigra: houses neurons producing dopamine (involved in movement, emotions, pleasure, and pain response
- tectum: contains four mounds making tectal plate; 2 superior colliculi and 2 inferior colliculi

56
Q

Superior colliculi

A

control visual reflexes and tracking

57
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

control auditory reflexes

58
Q

Pons

A

includes sensory and motor tracts connecting the brain to the spinal cord; middle cerebellar peduncles

59
Q

Pontine respiratory center

A

helps regulate skeletal muscles of breathing

60
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

inferior portion of brainstem; continuous with spinal cord inferiorly; houses corticospinal tracts for motor control that connects to the cerebellum

61
Q

Cardiovascular center is composed of

A
  • cardiac center
  • vasomotor center
62
Q

Cardiac center

A

regulates the heart’s output

63
Q

Vasomotor center

A

regulates blood vessel diameter; influences blood pressure

64
Q

Medullary respiratory center

A

controls breathing rate

65
Q

Cerebellum

A

produces fine control over muscular actions; stores memories of movement

66
Q

Functions of the cerebellum

A
  • stores memories of previously learned movements
  • regulates activity along voluntary and involuntary motor paths
  • adjusts movements initiated by the cerebrum, ensuring smoothness
  • helps maintain equilibrium and posture
67
Q

Effects of alcohol and drugs on the cerebellum

A
  • disturbance of gait
  • loss of balance and posture
  • inability to detect proprioceptive information
68
Q

Limbic system

A

“the emotional brain”; is composed of multiple cerebral and diencephalic structures that form a ring around the diencephalon

69
Q

What is the main function of the limbic system?

A

collectively process and experience emotions

70
Q

Structures found within the limbic system

A
  • cingulate gyrus
  • amygdaloid body
  • olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, and olfactory cortex
  • hippocampus
  • mammillary bodies
71
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

regulates emotions and pain

72
Q

Amygdaloid body

A

involved in many aspects of emotion and emotional memory, especially fear

73
Q

Olfactory bulbs/olfactory tracts/olfactory cortex

A

process odors that can provoke emotions

74
Q

Hippocampus

A

helps form long-term memories (neurogenesis)

75
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

interconnect with other parts of the limbic system and memories that you have seen something before (deja vu)

76
Q

Reticular formation

A

loosely organized gray matter of the brainstem that receives and processes various types of input from sensory receptors

77
Q

Motor components

A

regulate muscle tone via spinal cord connections and assist in autonomic functions through brainstem connections

77
Q

Components of reticular formation

A
  • motor components
  • sensory components
78
Q

Sensory components

A

processes sensory information sends signals to the cortex to bring about alertness which helps bring about awareness, which is necessary for the highest states of consciousness

79
Q

Reticular activating system (RAS)

A

the sensory component of the reticular formation, responsible for alerting the cerebrum to incoming sensory information

80
Q

Identify the brain area in which cognition occurs

A

cerebral cortex (cortex of cerebrum)

81
Q

Fainting

A

brief loss of consciousness

82
Q

Stupor

A

arousable only to extreme stimuli

83
Q

Coma

A

deep and profound unconsciousness; nonresponsive

84
Q

Persistent vegetative state

A

lack of thought and awareness but noncognitive brain functions continue

85
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

diagnostic test where electrical activity of the brain is measured

86
Q

Consciousness

A

it includes awareness of sensation and voluntary motor activities

87
Q

Higher-order mental functions

A
  • include learning, memory, and reasoning
  • occur within the cortex of cerebrum
  • involve multiple brain regions
  • both conscious and subconscious processing involved
88
Q

Types of memory

A
  • sensory memory
  • short-term memory (STM)
  • long-term memory (LTM)
89
Q

Sensory memory

A

associations based on sensory input that last for seconds

90
Q

Short-term memory

A

limited capacity and brief duration

91
Q

Long-term memory

A

can be encoded from short-term memory if the information is repeated; may exist indefinitely, but can be lost if not retrieved occasionally

92
Q

Secondary LTM

A

fades with time

93
Q

Tertiary LTM

A

things stored in memory years ago that are with you for a life time

94
Q

Conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory

A
  • requires proper functioning of the amygdaloid body and hippocampus
  • hippocampus required for the formation of short-term memory
95
Q

Name the 2 regions of the limbic system involved in the conversion of STM to LTM

A

the amygdala and the hippocampus

96
Q

Explain the interactions of the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system in the expression of emotions

A

emotions are interpreted by the limbic system, but expression is controlled by the prefrontal cortex

97
Q

REM sleep

A

active dreaming occurs; need REM to feel “rested”

98
Q

Deep sleep

A

the entire body relaxes; all metabolic functions are significantly reduced

99
Q

The cranial meninges in superior to inferior order

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
100
Q

Dura mater

A

strongest of the meninges and made of dense irregular connective tissue

101
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

is a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers

102
Q

Pia mater

A

innermost of the cranial meninges and made of areolar connective tissue

103
Q

Ventricles

A

cavities or expansions within the brain that are derived from the neural canal

104
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

a clear liquid produced by the choroid plexus that circulates within the ventricles and bathes the exposed surfaces of the CNS

105
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid functions

A
  • buoyancy
  • protection
  • environmental stability
106
Q

Choroid plexus

A

a region of specialized tissue in each ventricle

107
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

the surface layer of gray matter of the cerebrum

108
Q

Frontal lobe functional areas

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • premotor cortex
  • frontal eye field
  • motor speech area
  • prefrontal cortex
109
Q

Insula functional area

A

primary gustatory cortex

110
Q

Parietal lobe functional areas

A
  • primary somatosensory cortex
  • somatosensory association area
111
Q

Occipital lobe functional areas

A
  • primary visual cortex
  • visual association area
112
Q

Temporal lobe functional areas

A
  • primary auditory cortex
  • auditory association area
  • primary olfactory cortex
113
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology 210 (13 decks)

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