Chapter 2: Chemistry

Question 1

The basic forms of matter

Answer 1

• gas
• liquid
• solid

Question 2

What is the smallest units of matter?

Answer 2

atoms

Question 3

Protons

Answer 3

positively charged and are located in the nucleus of the atom

Question 4

Neutrons

Answer 4

neutral charge and located in the nucleus with the protons

Question 5

Electrons

Answer 5

negatively charged and located the electron cloud

Question 6

Ions

Answer 6

produced from the loss or gain of one or more electrons; NaCl (table salt)
- cation
- anion

Question 7

Cation

Answer 7

atom loses an electron thereby acquiring a positive charge

Question 8

Anion

Answer 8

atom gains an electron thereby acquiring a negative charge

Question 9

Most common cations

Answer 9

• sodium (Na+)
• potassium (K+)
• calcium (Ca2+)
• magnesium (Mg2+)
• hydrogen (H+)

Question 10

Most common anions

Answer 10

• chloride (Cl-)
• bicarbonate (HCO3)
• phosphate (PO3- 4)

Question 11

Ionic bonds

Answer 11

exchange of electrons

Question 12

Covalent bonds

Answer 12

share electrons

Question 13

Molecular compound

Answer 13

electrons are shared between atoms of two or more different elements

Question 14

Acids

Answer 14

dissociates in water to produce H+ ions and an anion; “proton donor”; increases concentration of free H+ ions

Question 15

Bases

Answer 15

accepts H+ ions when added to a solution; “proton accepter”; decreases concentration of free H+ ions

Question 16

pH scale

Answer 16

0-14; the pH of water is 7 and the pH of blood is 7.4

Question 17

Buffers

Answer 17

prevents pH changes

Question 18

4 biological organic macromolecules

Answer 18

• lipids
• carbohydrates
• nucleic acids
• proteins

Question 19

Lipids

Answer 19

• diverse group of fatty, water-insoluble molecules
• function: energy storage, cellular membrane components, hormones
• 4 primary classes:
  1- triglycerides
  2- phospholipids
  3- steroids
  4- eicostanoids

Question 20

Triglycerides

Answer 20

long-term energy storage

Question 21

Phospholipids

Answer 21

forms cell membranes

Question 22

Steroids

Answer 22

serves as hormones and cell membrane components

Question 23

Eicosanoids

Answer 23

involved in inflammatory response

Question 24

Carbohydrates

Answer 24

• monosaccharides
• disaccharides
• polysaccharides

Question 25

Monosaccharides

Answer 25

simple sugar monomers (ex. glucose)

Question 26

Disaccharides

Answer 26

formed from 2 monosaccharides (ex. sucrose)

Question 27

Polysaccharides

Answer 27

formed from many monosaccharides (ex. glycogen)

Question 28

Nucleic acids

Answer 28

• store and transfer genetic information
• 2 classes of nucleic acid
  1- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
  2- RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Question 29

DNA

Answer 29

• found within the cell nucleus; carrier of genetic information
  nucleotide monomers:
• cytosine
• guanine
• adenine
• thymine

Question 30

RNA

Answer 30

• found within the cytoplasm; transmits genetic codes that are necessary for protein creation
  nucleotide monomers
• uracil
• guanine
• adenine
• cytosine

Question 31

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 31

nucleotide, which transfers chemical energy within the cell

Question 32

Protein functions

Answer 32

• synthesis and digestion
• structural support
• body movement
• transport in blood
• membrane transport
• protection
  example of a protein:
• enzymes