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Anatomy and Physiology 210 > Chapter 15: Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

consciously perceived or controlled processes

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2
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

processes regulated below the conscious level; functions to maintain homeostasis

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

2 portions of the SNS

A

1- somatic sensory
2- somatic motor

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5
Q

Somatic sensory

A

detects stimuli from special sensory organs, skin, and proprioceptors; sends this info to the CNS

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6
Q

Somatic motor

A

directs voluntary control of skeletal muscles; transmits info from the CNS to skeletal muscles

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7
Q

Voluntary movements involve the

A

cerebrum

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8
Q

Reflexive movements involve the

A

brainstem and spinal cord

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9
Q

2 portions of the ANS

A

1- visceral sensory
2- autonomic motor

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10
Q

Visceral sensory

A

detects stimuli from internal organs and blood vessels; sends info to CNS

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11
Q

Autonomic motor

A

directs involuntary control of heart, smooth muscles, and glands and divided into PNS and SNS

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12
Q

SNS motor neurons

A
  • has a single lower motor neuron extending from the CNS
  • it has large, myelinated axons
  • always releases ACh
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13
Q

ANS motor neurons

A
  • have a chain of two lower motor neurons extending from the CNS
  • the preganglionic neuron synapses in a ganglion and always releases Ach
  • the postganglionic neuron releases Ach or NE
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14
Q

Preganglionic neuron

A

releases Ach from synaptic knob to excite the second motor neuron

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15
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A

releases Ach or norepinephrine from the synaptic knob to either excite or inhibit the effector

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16
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • “rest and digest”
  • maintains homeostasis at rest
  • conserves energy
  • replenishes nutrient stores
17
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A
  • “fight or flight”
  • controls body during times of stress/crisis
18
Q

PNS neurons

A
  • craniosacral division
  • preganglionic neurons in the brainstem or S2-S4 spinal cord
  • preganglionic axons are long, and postganglionic axons are short
  • ganglia are close to or within the effector organ
  • preganglionic axons have few branches
19
Q

SNS neurons

A
  • thoracolumbar division
  • preganglionic neuron in lateral horns of T1-L2
  • preganglionic axons are short, and postganglionic axons are long
  • ganglia are close to the spinal cord
  • preganglionic axons have many branches
20
Q

What is autonomic tone?

A

both divisions innervate the same part of the body

21
Q

Dual innervation

A

when an organ receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

22
Q

Cooperative effects

A

when both the PNS and SNS produce a single result

23
Q

An example of cooperative effects

A

the body preparing before and after sex (orgasm)

24
Q

The antagonistic effects between the PNS and the SNS in:
Control of heart rate
Control of muscular activity of the GI tract
Pupil size

A
  • control of heart rate:
    PNS decreases heart rate
    SNS increases heart rate
  • control of muscular activity of the GI tract
    PNS increases motility
    SNS decreases motility
  • pupil size
    PNS constricts pupil
    SNS dilates pupil
25
Q

What body structures are innervated by the SNS only?

A
  • adrenal medulla
  • blood vessels supplying skeletal muscles
  • sweat glands in the trunk
  • arrector pili muscles in the skin
26
Q

Autonomic reflexes (visceral reflexes)

A

pre-programmed response to a stimulus generated by a reflex arc

27
Q

ANS effectors are

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • glands
28
Q

How does autonomic reflexes maintain homeostasis?

A

it enables the ANS to control visceral function

29
Q

Cardiovascular reflex

A

decreases blood pressure by detecting stretch receptors in vessel walls which respond to pressure elevation; slow heart rate

30
Q

Gastrointestinal reflex

A
  • stimulates the secretion of gastric glands by parasympathetic stimulation
  • controls the rectum through the parasympathetic reflexes causing contraction to aid the elimination
31
Q

Micturition reflex

A

mechanism leading to bladder emptying

32
Q

How does the cardiovascular reflex affect blood pressure?

A

decreases blood pressure

33
Q

What CNS structure is the integration and command center for autonomic function?

A

the hypothalamus

33
Q

How is the autonomic system regulated?

A

ANS is a regulated CNS, not an independent, and is influenced by 4 CNS regions:
1-cerebrum
2-hypothalamus
3-brainstem
4-spinal cord

34
Q

Mass activation

A

prepares the body for intense physical activity in emergencies and stress by simultaneously influencing several effectors

Anatomy and Physiology 210 (13 decks)

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