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Anatomy and Physiology 210 > Chapter 16: Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptors

A

detect a stimulus

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2
Q

Stimulus

A

changes in sensory information

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3
Q

Sensation

A

a stimulus we are consciously aware of

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4
Q

For a stimulus to be consciously perceived, the sensory input must be sent to what area of the brain?

A

the cerebral cortex

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5
Q

The 3 criteria used to describe sensory receptors

A

1- receptor distribution
2- stimulus origin
3- modality of the stimulus

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6
Q

Receptor distribution

A

the location of the receptors

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7
Q

General sense receptors

A

located throughout the body in the skin and internal organs; 2 subtypes:
1- somatosensory
2- visceral sensory

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8
Q

Somatosensory sense receptor location

A

located in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints

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9
Q

Visceral sense receptor location

A

located in the head region; 5 special senses

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10
Q

The 5 special senses

A

1- vision/sight
2- hearing/ audition
3- smell/olfaction
4- taste/ gustation
5- balance/ equilibrium and acceleration

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11
Q

Stimulus origin

A

where the stimulus originates from

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12
Q

Exteroceptors

A

stimuli originate from the external environment

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13
Q

Interoceptors

A

stimuli originate from the walls of internal organs

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14
Q

Proprioceptors

A

stimuli originates from muscles, tendons, and joints, and detects body and limb movement

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15
Q

Modality

A

the type of stimulus

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16
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

detect chemical changes such as molecules in the fluid

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17
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

detect temperature changes

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18
Q

Photoreceptors

A

detect light changes- color, intensity, and movement of light

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19
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

detect touch, pressure, and vibrational changes (most common type)

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20
Q

Baroreceptors

A

detect stretch changes

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21
Q

Nociceptors

A

detect pain

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22
Q

Tactile receptors

A

abundant mechanoreceptors of skin and mucous membranes; endings can be encapsulated and unencapsulated

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23
Q

Unencapsulated tactile receptors

A
  • free nerve endings
  • root hair plexus
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24
Q

Encapsulated tactile receptors

A
  • lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
  • tactile (Meissner) corpuscles
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25
Q

Free nerve endings

A
  • terminal ends of sensory neuron dendrites
  • detect pain, temperature, light touch, and pressure
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26
Q

Root hair plexus

A
  • wrap around the hair follicle
  • signal initiated by hair movement
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27
Q

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle

A
  • wrapped in neurolemmocytes and concentric layers of connective tissue
  • activated by deep pressure and vibration stimuli
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28
Q

Olfacation

A

detects odors in the air; detected by chemoreceptors

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29
Q

The areas in the brain that receive sensory input from olfactory chemoreceptors

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • hypothalamus
  • amygdala
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30
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

sensory receptor organ

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31
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

primary neurons in sensory pathway for smell

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32
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

ends of olfactory tracts located under brain’s frontal lobe

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33
Q

Olfactory tracts

A

project directly to the primary olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala, and other regions

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34
Q

CNS areas that deal with olfaction

A
  • cerebral cortex: perceive, identify smell
  • hypothalamus: visceral reaction to smell
  • amygdala: smell recognition, emotional reaction
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35
Q

Gustation

A

sense of taste; gustatory cells are chemoreceptors within taste buds

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36
Q

Papillae of the tongue

A
  • filiform papillae
  • fungiform papillae
  • vallate papillae
  • foliate papillae
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37
Q

Filiform papillae

A

short and spiked; on anterior 2/3 portion of the tongue; help manipulate food and detect texture; do not house taste buds

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38
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

mushroom-shaped; on the tip and sides of the tongue; each contains a few taste buds

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39
Q

Vallate Papillae

A

largest, least numerous; arranged in an inverted V on the posterior dorsal tongue; houses most taste buds

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40
Q

Foliate papillae

A

leaflike ridges; house a few taste buds in early childhood

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41
Q

Lifespan of tastebuds

A

7-10 days

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42
Q

Composition of a taste bud

A
  • gustatory cells
  • supporting cells
  • basal cells
43
Q

The general gustatory pathway to its destination in the brain

A

1- project first to the medulla
2- secondary neurons projecting to the thalamus
3- tertiary neurons projecting to the primary gustatory cortex in the insula

44
Q

What are the 5 basic taste sensations?

A

1- sweet
2- salty
3- sour
4- bitter
5- umami

45
Q

Sweet

A

produced by organic compounds (sugars)

46
Q

Salty

A

produced by metal ions (Na+.K+)

47
Q

Sour

A

associated with acids (vinegar)

48
Q

Bitter

A

produced by alkaloids (unsweet chocolate)

49
Q

Umami

A

taste related to amino acids producing savory or meaty flavor

50
Q

The association of smell with taste

A

ability to taste heavily dependent on the olfactory sense

51
Q

Photoreceptors

A

used to detect light, color, and movement

52
Q

The 2 types of photoreceptors located in the retina

A

1-rods
2- cones

53
Q

Rods

A

most numerous; primarily located in peripheral regions in the neural layer of the retina; especially important in dim light; cannot distinguish color

54
Q

Cones

A

less numerous than rods; activated by high-intensity light; provide precise visual sharpness and color recognition; primarily located in fovea centralis of macula lutea; subdivided into 3 types (red, blue, green)

55
Q

Rhodopsin

A

opsin in rods

56
Q

Photopsin

A

specific opsin associated

57
Q

Photopigments

A

are light-absorbing molecules found within membranes of outer segments of rods and cones

58
Q

2 steps/processes involved in focusing the visual image on the retina

A

1- refraction
2- accomodation

59
Q

Refraction

A

light is bent (refracted) when it passes from one medium to another of different densities (ex. air through the cornea)

60
Q

Accomodation

A

allows us to view objects at different distances; involves:
- focal point
- focal distance

61
Q

Focal point

A

specific point of intersection on retina

62
Q

Focal distance

A

distance between the center of the lens and the focal point

63
Q

Emmetropia

A

normal vision

64
Q

Hyperopia

A

far-sighted

65
Q

Myopia

A

near-sighted

66
Q

Astigmatism

A

unequal focusing

67
Q

Presbyopia

A

age-related change in vision

68
Q

Photopigments

A

light-absorbing molecules

69
Q

Visual acuity

A

clearness of vision

70
Q

What is the normal standard rating for visual acuity?

A

20/20

71
Q

The process of accommodation to view distant objects

A
  • ciliary muscles relax, lens flattens
  • focal distance increases so the focal point on the retina increases
72
Q

The process of accommodation to view close objects

A
  • ciliary muscle contracts, and the lens becomes round
  • focal distance decreases so the focal point on the retina decreases
73
Q

Trace the pathway of light from the cornea to photoreceptors to the brain

A

light rays pass through the cornea -> aqueous humor -> lens -> vitreous humor -> neural tissue of the retina -> photoreceptors

74
Q

Describe the visual pathway from the photoreceptors to the brain

A

photopigments in photoreceptors stimulated -> depolarizes bipolar cell -> AP in ganglion cell -> optic nerves -> optic tracts -> superior colliculi and thalamus

75
Q

Special senses

A

provided by the inner ear

76
Q

Hearing

A

enables us to detect and interpret sound waves

77
Q

Equilibrium

A

sensations inform us of the position of the head in space by monitoring:
- gravity
- linear acceleration
- rotation

78
Q

Spiral organ (Organ of Corti)

A

sensory structure for hearing

79
Q

Hair cells

A

sensory receptors of the inner ear for hearing

80
Q

Stereocilia

A

long microvilli covered on the apical surface

81
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

gelatinous structure; stereocilia extending into here

82
Q

Cochlea

A

snail-shaped, spiral chamber within the bone of the inner ear

83
Q

Know the path of sound waves from the outside of the ear to stimulate of the CN VIII

A
84
Q

Frequency

A

the pitch of the sound; measured in hertz (Hz)

85
Q

Intensity

A

the loudness of the sound; measured in decibels (dB)

86
Q

Sound

A

the perception of pressure waves established from vibrating objects

87
Q

What is the function of auditory ossicles?

A

amplify sound waves captured by the external ear through vibrations

88
Q

3 auditory ossicles

A

1- malleus
2- incus
3- stapes

89
Q

Describe the auditory pathway from stimulation of CN VIII to the brain

A

1- nerve signals for hearing propagated along CN VIII to the brain
2- go to the inferior colliculus for reflex response to noise
3- then travels to the thalamus, which directs signals to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

90
Q

Utricle

A

saclike, membranous structure within the cochlea

91
Q

Saccule

A

saclike, membranous structure within the cochlea

92
Q

Semicircular canals

A

semicircular ducts connected to the utricle that contian a membranous labyrinth

93
Q

Linear acceleration

A

tilting your head

94
Q

Angular acceleration

A

the rotational movements of the head

95
Q

Linear acceleration is detected by

A

the utricle and the saccule

96
Q

Macula

A

contains the receptor cells

97
Q

Kinocilium

A

one long cilium

98
Q

Otolithic membrane

A

helps increase the weight of the otolithic membrane covering hair cells

99
Q

Ampulla

A

expanded region within each semicircular duct/canal

100
Q

Crista ampullaris

A

an elevated region on the ampulla

101
Q

Cupula

A

extends across semicircular duct to the roof over ampulla

102
Q

Explain how the semicircular ducts function to detect rotational movement of the head

A
  • with head rotations
  • pushes against cupula, causing bending of the stereocilia
  • results in altered neurotransmitter release from hair cells
  • stimulation of sensory neurons
103
Q

Summarize the nerve pathways involved in equilibrium

A

Anatomy and Physiology 210 (13 decks)

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