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Anatomy and Physiology 210 > Chapter 14: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Major functions of the spinal cord and nerves

A
  • structural and functional link between the brain and the rest of the body
  • exhibits some functional independence from the brain
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2
Q

2 types of conduction (spinal) pathways

A

1- sensory pathways
2- motor pathways

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3
Q

Sensory pathways

A

ascend towards the brain through the spinal cord

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4
Q

Motor pathways

A

descend from the brain through the spinal cord

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5
Q

3 Characteristics of pathways

A
  • most pathways intersect while traveling through the white matter of the spinal cord
  • consists of paired tracts
  • are composed of two or three neurons working together
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6
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

a segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve and can help localize damage to one or more spinal nerves and is involved in visceral pain; all spinal nerves except C1

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7
Q

Referred pain

A

pain from one organ referred to a dermatome

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8
Q

What does it mean to be contralateral?

A

stimulus on one side and response on the other

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9
Q

What does it mean to be ipsilateral?

A

stimulus and response on the same side

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10
Q

2 types of sensory pathway receptors

A

1- somatosensory receptors
2-visceral sensory receptors

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11
Q

2 kinds of somatosensory receptors

A

1- tactile receptors
2- proprioceptors

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12
Q

Tactile receptors

A

detect characteristics of an object

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13
Q

Proprioceptors

A

detect stretch in joints, muscles, tendons

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14
Q

Visceral sensory receptors

A

detect changes in an organ

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15
Q

Characteristics of sensory pathways

A
  • somatosensory pathways: carry signals from skin, muscles, joints
  • visceral sensory receptors: carry signals from viscera
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16
Q

Characteristics of sensory pathways

A
  • at least 2, maybe 3 sensory neurons in the path
  • use a series of neurons to relay signals to brain
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17
Q

Primary (1st order) neuron

A

detects stimuli with dendrite receptors within the posterior root ganglion

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18
Q

Secondary neuron

A

is an interneuron located within the dorsal gray horns of the spinal cord or brainstem nucleus; integrates sensory info and directs to appropriate brain regions

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19
Q

Tertiary neuron

A

an interneuron located in the thalamus; consolidates sensory info deemed “important” by the thalamus and transfers to the appropriate sensory cortex

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20
Q

Characteristics of motor pathways

A
  • control effectors such as skeletal muscles
  • start in brain and include at least two neurons
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21
Q

2 types of motor pathways neurons

A

1- upper motor neuron
2- lower motor neuron

22
Q

Upper motor neuron

A

cell body within the cerebral cortex or nuclei of the brainstem; excites or inhibits the activity of the lower motor neuron

22
Q

Lower motor neuron

A

cell bodies housed within the anterior/ventral horn of the spinal cord or nuclei of the brainstem; always excitatory; axons exit CNS; excites a muscle and cause contraction

23
Q

Main properties of a reflex

A
  • a stimulus is required to initiate a reflex
  • the response is rapid; it involves a chain of only a few neurons
  • the response is preprogrammed; always the same
  • the response is involuntary; no intent or awareness of the reflex before it happens
24
Q

Shingles

A
  • reactivation of chickenpox
  • rash and blisters along the dermatome
25
Q

Reflexes

A

rapid, preprogrammed, involuntary responses of muscles or glands to a stimulus

26
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

the neural “wiring” of a single reflex

27
Q

The 5 steps involved in the activation of a reflex?

A

1- a stimulus activates a receptor
2- generates a nerve signal that travels by sensory neurons to the CNS
3- information processed by interneurons of CNS (only if it is a polysynaptic reflex)
4- motor neuron sends the nerve signal to an effector
5- the effectors (muscle or gland) resond

27
Q

Reflex classifications

A
  • spinal or cranial
  • somatic or visceral
  • monosynaptic or polysynaptic
  • ipsilateral or contralateral
  • innate or acquired
28
Q

Spinal or cranial

A

is the spinal cord or brain the reflex integration center?

29
Q

Somatic or visceral

A

is the effector a skeletal muscle or is it cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, a gland?

30
Q

Monosynaptic or polysynaptic

A

do sensory neurons synapse directly with motor neurons or are they interneurons in the reflex arc?

31
Q

Ipsilateral or contralateral

A

are receptor and effector on the same side of the body or on opposite sides?

32
Q

Innate or acquired

A

are you born with the reflex or do you develop it after birth?

33
Q

What is a monosynaptic reflex?

A

simplest reflex with no interneuron

34
Q

What is a polysynaptic reflex?

A

more complex and always involves at least 1 interneuron

35
Q

4 common spinal reflexes

A

1- stretch reflex
2- golgi tendon reflex
3- withdrawal reflex
4- crossed-extensor reflex

36
Q

Stretch reflex

A

reflexive contraction of a muscle after it is stretched; stretch is detected by a muscle spindle proprioceptor

37
Q

Tendon reflex

A

prevents muscles from contracting excessively

38
Q

Withdrawal reflex

A

pulls a body part away from a painful stimulus

39
Q

Crossed-extensor reflex

A

occurs in conjunction with withdrawal reflex; allows the opposite side limb to support body weight while hurt limb withdrawals

40
Q

Stretch reflex classified as

A
  • spinal
  • somatic
  • monosynaptic
  • ipsilateral
  • innate
41
Q

Golgi tendon reflex classified as

A
  • spinal
  • somatic
  • polysynaptic
  • ipsilateral
  • innate
42
Q

Withdrawal reflex classified as

A
  • spinal
  • somatic
  • polysynaptic
  • ipsilateral
  • innate
43
Q

Crossed-extensor reflex classified as

A
  • spinal
  • somatic
  • polysynaptic
  • contralateral
  • innate
44
Q

Hypoactive reflex

A

diminished or absent; may indicate damage to the spinal cord, muscle disease, or damage to the neuromuscular junction

45
Q

Hyperactive reflex

A

abnormally strong response; may indicate damage to the brain and spinal cord, especially if accompanied by clonus (rhythmic oscillating movements with reflex testing)

46
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

inhibiting antagonistic muscle contraction

47
Q

Reciprocal activation

A

stimulation of alpha motor neurons of antagonistic muscles

48
Q

Muscle spindle

A

stretch receptors that signal the length and changes in length of muscles

Anatomy and Physiology 210 (13 decks)

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