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Human anatomy and organogenesis > Peripheral nervous system > Flashcards

Peripheral nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Do neurons replicate?

A

No

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2
Q

What is the center of integration?

A

The brain

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3
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Nerves
Ganglia

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4
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Aggregated of neurons located along the pathway of the PNS
(cluster of cell bodies of neurons)

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5
Q

What are axons packed into nerves based on?

A

Topographical distribution (PNS)
Their function (CNS)

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6
Q

Are receptors innervated?

A

Yes as they change energy into a nerve signal

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7
Q

What are the nerves that bring the signal from the PNS to the CNS?

A

Afferent/sensitive

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8
Q

What are the nerves that bring the signal from the CNS to the PNS?

A

Efferent/effector

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9
Q

What kind of nerves are most of our nerves?

A

Mixed

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10
Q

What are mixed nerves?

A

Nerves that contain both sensitive and motor fibers (both afferent and efferent)

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11
Q

Can nerves have multiple branches?

A

Yes they can have many “exists” and therefor bring neurons to many points

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12
Q

In resting neuron what happens to sodium?

A

It is actively pumped out the cell by the sodium potassium pump

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13
Q

What gives the neuron the resting potential of -70?

A

The active pumping by the sodium potassium pump of the sodium from inside to outside the cell

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14
Q

Is the membrane of a neuron permeable to ions?

A

No

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15
Q

Are the sodium channels open or closed when the neuron is at rest?

A

Closed

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16
Q

What happens when a neuron is stimulated?

A

Sodium channels are opened and sodium rushes inside the neuron

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17
Q

What is the average of the max action potential/spike

A

+40mV

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18
Q

What happens when the action potential is propagated and reaches the terminal?

A

Calcium channels are opened and the signal is transmitted between neurons and neurons or effector cells by neurontransmitters being released into the synapses

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19
Q

How do vesicles know when they are at the presynaptic part of the membrane?

A

They roll along the membrane until they reach the pre-synaptic part which has internal receptors that signal to begin exocytosis

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20
Q

Is axonal trafficking regulated?

A

Yes highly

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21
Q

2 types of neurotransmitters

A

Excitatory
Inhibitory

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22
Q

2 types of nerves in the PNS (dependant on origin)

A

Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves

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23
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves do we have?

A

12

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24
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?

A

31

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25
Q

2 functional components of the PNS

A

Somatic nervous system
Autonomic (visceral) nervous system

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26
Q

Which part of the PNS can we control?

A

The somatic nervous system

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27
Q

Parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
(Enteric)

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28
Q

Names of the 3 layers of the meninges

A

Dura
Arachoid
Pia

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29
Q

How many roots does each spinal nerve originate with?

A

2
Anterior
Posterior

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30
Q

Where does the fusing of the 2 root of the spinal nerve take place?

A

Right before the intervertebral foramen

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31
Q

How many of the spinal nerves are mixed?

A

All of them (no exceptions)

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32
Q

Why do the spinal nerves have 2 roots?

A

Because they are mixed nerves and the motor and sensory have different origins in the spinal chord

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33
Q

Which fibers belong to the posterior root?

A

Sensory

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34
Q

Which fibers belong to the anterior root?

A

Motor

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35
Q

How many pairs of cervical nerves?

A

8

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36
Q

How many pairs of thoracic nerves?

A

12

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37
Q

How many pairs of lumbar nerves?

A

5

38
Q

How many pairs of sacral nerves?

A

5

39
Q

How many pairs of coccigeal nerves?

A

1

40
Q

How are the spinal nerve pairs named?

A

Like vertebrae ex: C1 or S5

41
Q

Why are there 1 more cervical nerve pair than vertebrae?

A

Because the first originates above the first vertebrae

42
Q

What is the collective name for the nerves travelling through the vertebral canal below the spinal chord?

A

Cauda equina

43
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons contained?

A

Not in spinal chord but in ganglion located along the dorsal roots of spinal nerves

44
Q

Where are the ganglion located?

A

Along the dorsal (posterior) roots of the spinal nerves

45
Q

Where does the cervical plexus go through?

A

C1-C5 (part)

46
Q

Where does the brachial plexus go through?

A

C5(part)-T1(part)

47
Q

Where does the Lumbar plexus go through?

A

L1-L4 (part)

48
Q

Where does the cervical sacral/pudendal go through?

A

L4 (part) -S5

49
Q

2 types of branches of the cervical plexus

A

Cutaneous and muscular

50
Q

Name of the 4 cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus

A

Lesser occipital nerve
Greater auricular nerve
Transverse cervical nerve
Supraclavicular nerve

51
Q

3 muscular nerves of the cervical plexus

A

Ansa cervicalis
Phrenic
Segmental branches

52
Q

Where is the nasa cervicalis found in relation to the jugular vein?

A

External

53
Q

Which kind of fibers does the phrenic nerve mainly consist of? (despite being mixed)

A

Motor nerves

54
Q

Do intercostal nerve in the thorax form plexuses?

A

No

55
Q

What does the sciatic nerve branch into?

A

Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve

56
Q

What does the lumbosacral trunk participate to the formation of?

A

The sciatic nerve

57
Q

What kind of nerve is the obturator nerve mainly?

A

Motor
But sensory for small part of the inner thigh

58
Q

What kind of nerve is the femoral nerve mainly?

A

Motor

59
Q

What is the most important muscle the femoral nerve innervates?

A

Quadriceps femoris

60
Q

Where does the inferior gluteal nerve run in relations to the piriform?

A

In 87% of people anteriorly

61
Q

Do the 2 components of the sciatic nerve exchange fibres?

A

No

62
Q

What do the sensory fibers of the pudendal nerve innervate?

A

The genitals

63
Q

What do the motor fibers of the pudendal innervate?

A

Peritoneal muscles

64
Q

Which is the major terminal branch of the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial nerve

65
Q

Why is the phrenic nerve important for breathing?

A

Because it provides exclusive motor vitriol of the diaphragm

66
Q

What is the phrenic nerve supplied by?

A

C4 primarily
C3 and C5 contributes

67
Q

Which plexus is the phrenic nerve a part of?

A

None but it receives contributions from nerve roots of the cervical and branchial plexus

68
Q

Which nerves in the brachial plexus makes up the posterior cord?

A

WHThe Radial nerve and axillary nerve

69
Q

Which is the biggest nerve of the brachial plexus?

A

Radial nerve (terminal branch of the posterior cord)

70
Q

What nerve controls abduction one the arm?

A

Axillary nerve

71
Q

Which nerve is an extensor of the upper limb?

A

The radial nerve

72
Q

What movement does the muscle-cutaneous nerve contribute to?

A

Arm and forearm flexion

73
Q

Where does the median nerve terminate?

A

In the hand

74
Q

What movements does the median nerve contribute to?

A

Flexing and pronation

75
Q

Which nerve passes in the carpal tunnel?

A

The median nerve

76
Q

Which is the major terminal branch of the medial cord?

A

Ulnar nerve

77
Q

What nerve controls flexion of the hand?

A

The ulnar nerve

78
Q

Which nerve runs within the poses major muscle?

A

Genitofemoral nerve

79
Q

Which nerve controls abduction of the lower limb?

A

Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

80
Q

Which nerve controls adduction of the lower limb?

A

Obturator nerve

81
Q

Which nerve controls hip flexion and leg extention?

A

Femoral nerve

82
Q

Which devision of the sciatic nerve is the fibular nerve formed by?

A

The posterior

83
Q

Which devision of the sciatic nerve is the tibial nerve formed by?

A

The anterior

84
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve cross?

A

The greater ischiadic foramen

85
Q

What is the major terminal branch of the sacral plexus?

A

The sciatic nerve

86
Q

Different name for fibular nerve

A

Common peroneal nerve (CPN)

87
Q

Which is the major terminal branch of the sciatic nerve?

A

The tibial nerve

88
Q

Which nerve controls abduction (walking) in the lower limb?

A

Superior gluteal

89
Q

Which nerve controls extension (climbing stairs) in the lower limb?

A

Inferior gluteal

90
Q

Which nerve controls hip extension and knee flexion in the lower limb?

A

Sciatic nerve

91
Q

What movement does the tibial nerve control?

A

Flexion of foot and fingers (toes)

92
Q

What movement does the fibular nerve control?

A

Superficial: External foot rotation (pronation)
Deep: extension of foot and fingers (toes)

Human anatomy and organogenesis (21 decks)

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