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human anatomy and organogenesis > Respiratory tract > Flashcards

Respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of the respiratory tract

A

Upper airways
Inferior airways
Organ of respiration

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2
Q

What is included in the upper airways?

A

Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
(naso)pharynx

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3
Q

What is included in the inferior airways?

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi

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4
Q

What is the organ of respiration?

A

The lungs

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5
Q

What 2 systems is the pharynx shared between?

A

The respiratory system
The digestive system

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6
Q

Where does the pharynx go from and to?

A

The outer part of the basil part of the occipital bone and C6

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7
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A musculomembranous tube

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8
Q

What is the inner aspect of the pharynx covered by?

A

Mucosa

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9
Q

Where is the pharynx larger?

A

In the cranial part

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10
Q

What does the pharynx communicate with?

A

Nasal, oral and laryngeal cavities

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11
Q

What is the wall of the pharynx made of?

A

Skeletal muscles (voluntary)

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12
Q

3 parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hypopharynx (laryngopharynx)

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13
Q

Where does the oesophagus start?

A

C6

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14
Q

Is the pharynx closed or open posteriorly?

A

Closed

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15
Q

What suspends the pharynx’s to the outer aspect of the base of the skull?

A

Pharyngobasilae fascia

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16
Q

What are the 3 circular constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A

Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

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17
Q

What is the connective part where the pharyngeal muscles connect called?

A

Pharyngeal raphe

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18
Q

3 elevator muscles of the pharynx

A

Stylopharyngeus muscle
Salpingopharyngeus muscle
Palatopharyngeus muscle

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19
Q

Where does the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle originate?

A

The pterygomandibular raphe

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20
Q

Where does the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle originate?

A

Greater horn of the hyoid bone

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21
Q

Where does the interior pharyngeal constrictor muscle originate?

A

Thyroid cartilage of the larynx (oblique line)

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22
Q

Where does the stylopharyngess muscle originate?

A

Styloid process

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23
Q

Where does the salpingopharyngeus muscle originate?

A

Cartilage of the auditory tube

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24
Q

Do the elevator muscles of the pharynx mix with the fibers of the constrictors?

A

Yes

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25
Q

Where does the palatopharyngeus muscle originate?

A

Soft palate

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26
Q

How many opening in the posterior of the pharynx?

A

3

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27
Q

Where is the nasopharynx located?

A

Posterior to the choanae

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28
Q

What is the posterior wall of the nasopharynx in touch with?

A

C1 and C2

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29
Q

What is found on the lateral walls of the nasopharynx?

A

The opening of the auditory tube

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30
Q

Which part of the nasopharynx os not rigid?

A

The soft palate (the floor)

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31
Q

Different name for auditory tube

A

Eustachian

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32
Q

What kind of structure is the auditory tube?

A

Cartilage

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33
Q

Is the opening of the auditory tube a real opening?

A

Yes, the air communicates with the middle ear

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34
Q

What kind of mucosa is found in the nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory mucosa

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35
Q

Where is the oropharynx located?

A

Posterior to the isthmus of the forsus

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36
Q

What does the laryngopharynx communicate with

A

Communicates with the larynx

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37
Q

What does the oropharynx communicate with?

A

The oral cavity

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38
Q

What kind of mucosa is found in the oropharynx

A

Continuation of mucosa of the oral cavity
Squamous stratified non keratinised epithelium

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39
Q

What is the larynx?

A

An air passage
A sphincter
Organ of phonation (production of sound)

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40
Q

Where does the larynx extend from and to?

A

The root of the tongue to the trachea

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41
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx go from and to?

A

C3-C6

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42
Q

Proper term for Adam’s apple

A

Laryngeal prominence

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43
Q

What envelopes the larynx?

A

The visceral pretracheal fascia

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44
Q

Where does the visceral pre tracheal fascia covers the larynx?

A

Anteriorly, laterally and posteriorly

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45
Q

Where does the laryngeal prominence fit between?

A

The infra hyoid muscles

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46
Q

What suspends the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone?

A

The thyrohyoid membrane

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47
Q

What is the skeletal framework of the larynx?

A

Different articulated cartilage connected by membrane and moved by muscles

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48
Q

3 single laryngeal cartilages

A

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottic cartilages

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49
Q

What are the 4 paired laryngeal cartilage?

A

Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform
Tritiated

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50
Q

What kind of cartilage are the laryngeal cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage

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51
Q

What is the anterior process of the arytenoid cartilage called?

A

The vocal process

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52
Q

What is the posterior process of the arytenoid cartilage called?

A

Muscular process

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53
Q

Where does the stalk of the epiglottis attach to? and through what?

A

The inner surface of the thyroid cartilage through the thyroepiglottic ligament

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54
Q

What 2 types of movement does the circa-aryhtenoid joint allow for?

A

Rotation
Gliding movement

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55
Q

What does the lateral rotation of the arytenoid cartilage do to the vocal folds/ligaments?

A

Abduction

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56
Q

What does the medial rotation of the arytenoid cartilage do to the vocal folds/ligaments?

A

Adduction

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57
Q

Different name for vestibular ligament

A

Fasle vocal folds

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58
Q

What forms the true vocal folds?

A

The vocal ligament

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59
Q

Why are the false vocal folds called so?

A

Because they are not involved in formation of sound

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60
Q

What does the contraction of the thyroarytenoid muscle do?

A

Draws the arytenoid cartilages anteriorly and thus relaxes the vocal ligament

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61
Q

What sound does the relaxing of the vocal ligaments give?

A

Low pitch

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62
Q

What is found lateral to the vocal ligaments?

A

The vocals muscles (most medial part of the thyroarytenoid muscle)

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63
Q

What is the space (recess) between the vestibular and the vocal folds?

A

Ventricle of larynx/vestibule

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64
Q

What kind of epithelium are the vocal folds covered in?

A

Squamous stratified epithelium

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65
Q

2 types of innervation in the larynx

A

Sensory innervation of the mucosa
Motor innervation of the muscles producing sound

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66
Q

What nerve does the laryngeal nerve branch from?

A

The vagus nerve

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67
Q

Where does the trachea go from and to?

A

C6-T4

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68
Q

What is the trachea made from?

A

Cartilagous rings (up to 20), hyaline cartilage

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69
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate?

A

T4

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70
Q

Length of trachea

A

10-12cm

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71
Q

Which bronchus is longer?

A

Left

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72
Q

Which bronchus has a larger diameter?

A

Right

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73
Q

Which bronchus forms a higher degree angle from the midline?

A

The left

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74
Q

What is the right bronchus in close relationship with?

A

The azygos vein

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75
Q

What is the left bronchus in close relationship with?

A

The aorta

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76
Q

4 sections of the lungs

A

Apex
Base
3 borders
2 surfaces

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77
Q

Name of the 2 surfaces of the lungs

A

Mediastinum surface
Costal surface

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78
Q

Name of the serous membrane covering the lungs

A

Pleura

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79
Q

How many layers of the pleura?

A

2

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80
Q

Name of the 2 layers of the pleura

A

Visceral pleura (attached to lung)
Pariteal pleura (attached to the chest wall)

81
Q

What is the name of the cavity between the 2 layers of the pleura?

A

Pleural cavity

82
Q

Are the 2 layers of the pleura made from the same membrane?

A

Yes

83
Q

4 sections of the pariteal pleura

A

Cervical part
Costal part
Diaphragmatic part
Mediastinal part

84
Q

Name of the notch of the left lung

A

Cardiac notch

85
Q

Which lung is bigger?

A

Right

86
Q

How many fissure on the right lung?

A

2

87
Q

How many fissures on the left lung?

A

1

88
Q

How many lobes on the right lung?

A

3

89
Q

How many lobes on the left lung?

A

2

90
Q

Name of the fissures of the right lung

A

Oblique
Horizontal

91
Q

Name of the fissure of the left lung

A

Oblique

92
Q

How many segmental bronchus of each bronchi in each lung?

A

10

93
Q

How many lobar bronchus does the bronchi in each lung?

A

Right:3
Left:2

94
Q

Names of the 3 lobes of the right lung

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

95
Q

Names of the 2 lobes of the left lung

A

Superior
Inferior

96
Q

What are the cartilage rings replaced with when moving towards the bronchioles?

A

Incomplete runs, irregular sports of cartilage

97
Q

What marks the transition from bronchi to bronchioles?

A

The stopping of cartilage

98
Q

Do bronchioles have cartilage?

A

No

99
Q

2 parts of the lobule

A

Terminal bronchiole
Acinus

100
Q

What does the Clara cells produce?

A

Surfactant lipoprotein

101
Q

What do neuroendocrine cells produce?

A

Hormones

102
Q

Which is the main artery supplying the pharynx?

A

The pharyngeal artery

103
Q

How are the veins in the pharynx organised?

A

Superficial pharyngeal venous plexus
Deep pharyngeal venous plexus

104
Q

What is the inner layer of the pharynx made up of?

A

Mucosa

105
Q

What is the outer layer of the pharynx made up of?

A

Skeletal muscle and pre vertebral fascia

106
Q

What does the palatopharyngeal arch consist of?

A

Muscle covered by mucosa

107
Q

Which structure of the nasopharynx is the only one that is not rigid?

A

The floor

108
Q

What raises and lowers the floor of the nasopharynx?

A

The soft palate

109
Q

Deglutition meaning

A

The action or process of swallowing

110
Q

When is the larynx mobile?

A

During degulition (swallowing)

111
Q

Where does the larynx project?

A

Ventrally between the great vessels of the neck

112
Q

What is the larynx covered by anteriorly?

A

Skin
Fasciae
The hyoid depressor muscles

113
Q

What makes the larynx an organ of phonation?

A

The vocal points

114
Q

What cartilage of the larynx is hyaline cartilage?

A

Arytenoid
Thyroid
Tritiate
Cricoid

115
Q

What cartilage of the larynx is elastic cartilage?

A

Vocal process of the arytheonoids
Epiglottis
Corniculate
Cuneiform cartilage

116
Q

3 joints of the larynx

A

Cricothyroid joint
Cricoarytenoid joint
Arycorniculate joint

117
Q

What cartilage of the larynx has the shape of a shield?

A

The thyroid

118
Q

Where on the thyroid cartilage does the true vocal folds attach?

A

The thyroid notch

119
Q

Where on the thyroid cartilage does the fasle vocal folds attach?

A

Laterally to the true vocal folds

120
Q

What cartilage of the larynx has the shape of a ring?

A

Cricoid cartilage

121
Q

What does the cricoid cartilage have a similar shape to?

A

The rings of the trachea

122
Q

Which margin of the cricoid cartilage of the pharynx articulates with arytenoid cartilage?

A

Posteriorly on the superior margin

123
Q

What is the primary movement at the circo-thyroid joint?

A

Rotation around a transverse axis

124
Q

What does the movement of the circo-thyroid joint do?

A

Brings together the lamina of the thyroid cartilage and the arch of the cricoid cartilage (closing the visor)
Lengthens the vocal ligament

125
Q

What effect does the lengthening of the vocal ligament have?

A

Increase vocal fold tension

126
Q

What does the rotation of the circo-arythtenoid do?

A

Makes each vocal process swing laterally (increasing width of the rima glottidis) or medially (decreasing width of the rima glottidis)

127
Q

What does the gliding of the circo-arythtenoid do?

A

Adduction or abduction of the vocal folds

128
Q

What does the medial gliding of the circo-arythtenoid do? and when does it occur

A

Adduction
Occurs with medial rotation

129
Q

What does the lateral gliding of the circo-arythtenoid do? and when does it occur

A

Abduction
Occurs with lateral rotation

130
Q

Where does the fibroelastic membran of the larynx lie?

A

Within the cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx, beneath the laryngeal mucosa

131
Q

What does the laryngeal muscles do?

A

Move laryngeal cartilages relative to one another

132
Q

What does the moving of the laryngeal cartilages do?

A

Affects the tension/position of the vocal folds

133
Q

Origin and insertion of the cricothyroid muscle?

A

Origin: nterolateral part of cricoid cartilage
Insertion of oblique part: inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
Insertion of straight part: Inferior margin of thyroid cartilage

134
Q

Action of the cricothyroid muscle

A

Draws thyroid cartilage anteroinferiorly
Lengthens and tenses vocal ligament (high pitch sound)

135
Q

Which laryngeal muscle creates and adduction of the muscular processes?

A

Posterior cricoarythenoid muscle

136
Q

What does the adduction of the muscular processes do?

A

Abduction of vocal process
Opening of rima glottidis

137
Q

What does the abduction of the muscular processes do?

A

Adduction of vocal process
Closing of rima glottidis

138
Q

Which laryngeal muscle creates and abduction of the muscular processes?

A

Lateral cricoarythenoid

139
Q

What do the transverse and oblique interarythenoid muscles do?

A

Medial gliding of aryhenoids and blocking
Adduction of vocal processes, closing rima glottidis

140
Q

Which muscle of the larynx makes a low pitched voice?

A

Thyroarytenoid muscle

141
Q

What is the default position of the rima glottidis?

A

Open

142
Q

Where is the apex of the rima glottidis?

A

Anterior

143
Q

Where is the base of the rima glottidis?

A

Posterior

144
Q

Why is the rima glottidis redish?

A

Because of respiratory mucosa

145
Q

What happens to the rima glottidis during forced respiration?

A

It is widened and vocal cords are fully abducted to increase airway

146
Q

How many layers does the lamina propia of the vocal folds consist of?

A

3 layers

147
Q

What does the most superficial layer of the lamina propia of the vocal folds consist of?

A

Loose collagen and elastic fibers

148
Q

What does the intermediate layer of the lamina propia of the vocal folds consist of?

A

Elastic fibers

149
Q

What does the deep layer of the lamina propia of the vocal folds consist of?

A

Collagen fibers

150
Q

Which layers of the lamina propia of the vocal folds form the vocal ligament?

A

The intermediate and the deep layer

151
Q

Which theory explains the mechanism underlying the vocal fold vibrations?

A

Aerodynamic-myoelastic theory

152
Q

When are vocal sounds produced?

A

When forced exhalation creates pressurised airflow that collides with the vocal folds resulting in their vibration

153
Q

Where does the superior thyroid artery originate from?

A

Common carotid artery

154
Q

Where does the inferior laryngeal artery originate from?

A

Thyrocervical trunk

155
Q

What does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

156
Q

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?

A

The aortic arch

157
Q

Is the right recurrent laryngeal nerve sensory or motor?

A

Exclusively motor

158
Q

Which innervation produces sound?

A

Motor innervation

159
Q

After the bifurcation of the trachea, which side is longest before it bifurcates again?

A

Left

160
Q

What is the innermost layer of the trachea?

A

Epithelium

161
Q

Which 2 nerves innervate the parietal pleura of the lungs?

A

Intercostal nerves
Phrenic nerve

162
Q

Which nerves innervates the visceral pleura?

A

Autonomic nerves

163
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Abnormal collection of air in pleural space
Collapsed lung

164
Q

How many more ribs than the lung does the pleura project on?

A

2 more
So the lung project anterior on the 6th rib and the pleura on the 8th

165
Q

Which rib does the lung project on anteriorly?

A

6th

166
Q

Which rib does the lung project on posteriorly?

A

10th

167
Q

How many segments of each lung?

A

10

168
Q

Which lung segments are found in the superior lobe of the right lung?

A

1-3

169
Q

Which lung segments are found in the middle lobe of the right lung?

A

4 and 5

170
Q

Which lung segments are found in the inferior lobe of the right lung?

A

6-10

171
Q

Which lung segments are found in the superior lobe of the left lung?

A

1-5

172
Q

Which lung segments are found in the inferior lobe of the left lung?

A

6-10

173
Q

What does the pulmonary ligament surround?

A

Hilum of the lung:
Bronchus
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins

174
Q

Does the bronchioli have glands nad cartilage in the wall?

A

No

175
Q

Function of bronchioli and bronchioli terminales

A

Conductive

176
Q

What is the function of the bronchioli respiratorii?

A

Respiratory (gas exchange)

177
Q

What are the conductive airways lined internally by?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa

178
Q

Where in the lungs is cartilage present?

A

Fron trachea to smallest bronchi

179
Q

Where in the lungs is cartilage absent?

A

Bronchioles

180
Q

Where in the lungs is the smooth muscle and respiratory surface largest?

A

Alveolar

181
Q

What is the extra pulmonary and larger intrapulmonary passages lined by? (epithelium)

A

Respiratory epithelium

182
Q

What is respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified
Ciliated
Mucous secreting goblet cells

183
Q

6 types of epithelial cells in the conducting airways

A

Ciliated columnar
Goblet
Clara
Basal
Brush
Neuroendocrine

184
Q

What does BALT stand for

A

Bronchus
Associated
Lymphoyd
Tissue

185
Q

What are the capillary endothelial cells?

A

Single layer of a flat cell

186
Q

What is the alveolar epithelium?

A

Single layer mosaic of types 1 and 2 pneumocytes

187
Q

Which cells form over 90% of the alveolar area?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes (simple squamous epithelial cells)

188
Q

What about the type 1 pneumocytes facilitates gas diffusion?

A

Their thin cytoplasm

189
Q

What joins type 1 pneumocyte?

A

Thight junctions

190
Q

What creates the blood-air barrier?

A

The tight junctions of type 1 pneumocytes

191
Q

Do type 1 pneumocyte divide?

A

No

192
Q

What happens if type 1 pneumocytes are damaged?

A

They are replaced by type 2 cells which proliferate and differentiate into type 1

193
Q

What are type 2 pneumocytes the precursor of?

A

Alveolar surfactants which helps reduce surface tension

194
Q

What do alveolar macrophages do?

A

Clear the respiratory spaces of inhaled particles small enough to reach the alveoli

195
Q

What does principle of La Place say?

A

Surfactants create less surface tension and equal pressure in 2 alveolar of different sizes

196
Q

How many pulmonary veins per lung?

A

2

197
Q

Where does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate?

A

Below the aortic arch

198
Q

How does the right main pulmonary artery divide?

A

It trifurcates into 3 lobar arteries which divide into segmental arteries and then into sub segmental arteries

199
Q

How does the left main pulmonary artery divide?

A

Bifurcates into 2 lobar arteries

human anatomy and organogenesis (21 decks)

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