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human anatomy and organogenesis > GI tract > Flashcards

GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the oesophagus start?

A

C6

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2
Q

What is the oesophagus mainly made by?

A

Muscle

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3
Q

What does the oesophagus connect?

A

The pharynx to the stomach

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4
Q

Where is the oesophagus located in relation to the trachea?

A

Posterior

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5
Q

Where is the oesophagus located in relation to the heart?

A

Posterior

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6
Q

Where does the oesophagus go through the diaphragm compared to the aorta?

A

Anterior

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7
Q

Name of the 3 parts of the oesophagus

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Abdominal

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8
Q

Which is the longest part of the oesophagus?

A

Thoracic part

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9
Q

Which is the shortest part of the oesophagus?

A

The abdominal part

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10
Q

How many constrictions of the oesophagus?

A

4

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11
Q

What is the middle (thoracic) constriction because of?

A

The aorta

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12
Q

What is the upper (pharyngoesophageal) constriction of the oesophagus because of?

A

The pharynx

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13
Q

What is the lower (phrenic) constriction of the oesophagus because of?

A

The diaphragm

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14
Q

What part of the mediasternum is oesophagus located?

A

Posterior

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15
Q

What kind of organ is the oesophagus?

A

Empty organ

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16
Q

Layers of the oesophagus wall (inner to outermost)

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular externa
Adventitia (in cervical and thoracic part)/serosa(in abdomen)

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17
Q

What kind of epithelium is found in the wall of the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous, non keratinising epithelium in the lumen

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18
Q

What kind of muscle in the upper third of the muscolaris external of the oesophagus?

A

Skeletal

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19
Q

What kind of muscle in the middle third of the muscolaris external of the oesophagus?

A

Mix of both skeletal and smooth

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20
Q

What kind of muscle in the bottom third of the muscolaris external of the oesophagus?

A

Smooth

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21
Q

What is the passage from oesophagus to stomach called?

A

Cardias

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22
Q

Where can the oesophageal diverticula happen?

A

At the spots of weakness

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23
Q

What arteries supplies the cervical part of the oesophagus?

A

Oesophageal branch of inferior thyroid artery

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24
Q

What arteries supplies the thoracic part of the oesophagus?

A

Oesophageal branch of descending thoracic aorta

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25
Q

What arteries supplies the abdominal part of the oesophagus?

A

Oesophageal branch of left gastric artery

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26
Q

Which veins supply the abdominal part of the oesophagus?

A

Oesophageal branches of left gastric vein

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27
Q

Which veins supply the thoracic part of the oesophagus?

A

accessory hemiazygos vein (SVC system)

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28
Q

Which veins supply the cervical part of the oesophagus?

A

Inferior thyroid vein (SVC system)

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29
Q

What kind of nerves innervate the oesophagus?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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30
Q

3 parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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31
Q

Rough length of the small intestine in an adult

A

5 meters

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32
Q

Where does the duodenum mostly lie?

A

Mostly in the upper retroperitoneum

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33
Q

Where does the jejunum and ileum lie?

A

Intraperitoneal

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34
Q

What does the small bowel consist of?

A

Jejunum and ileum

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35
Q

Do the superior mesenteric vessels have a relationship with the duodenum?

A

Yes anterior at the 3rd part

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36
Q

What goes in the epatoduodenal ligament?

A

Bile duct
Hepatic artery & portal vein

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37
Q

Where are the IVC and aorta located in relation to the 3rd part of the duodenum?

A

Posterior

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38
Q

What is the duodenomesocolic fold a result of?

A

The behavior of the duodenum and its move from retroperiotneal to intraperiotoneal

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39
Q

What landmark pinpoints the passage from the duodenum to the jejunal?

A

The Duodenojejunal flexure

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40
Q

How does the inner surface of the first part of the duodenum differ from the rest?

A

It is smooth, no circular folds

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41
Q

Different name for the 1st part of the duodenum

A

Ampulla
Duodenal bulb

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42
Q

What are the folds on the inner surface of the duodenum and small bowl called?

A

Circular folds

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43
Q

What does the major duodenal papilla receive?

A

Common pancreatic duct and bile duct

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44
Q

What does the minor duodenal papilla receive?

A

Accessory pancreatic duct

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45
Q

Where are the duodenal papillae located?

A

Medial wall of the descending duodenum

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46
Q

Different names for major duodenal papilla

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Vater

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47
Q

Different name of the sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

Oddo’s sphincter

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48
Q

What joins to form the ampulla which makes up the major duodenal papilla?

A

Common bile duct and pancreatic duct

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49
Q

Where does the greater omentum originate?

A

Transverse inferior part of the stomach

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50
Q

What covers the small intestine and transverse colon?

A

The greater omentum

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51
Q

What is the mesentery formed by?

A

2 layers of peritoneal

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52
Q

What suspends the small intestine?

A

The mesentery

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53
Q

What causes the folds in the small intestine?

A

Projection of the submucosa

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54
Q

What does the submucosa of the duodenum contain?

A

Submucosal duodenal glands/ Brunner’s gland

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55
Q

What does the submucosa of the ileum (and lesser extent jejunum) contain?

A

Preyer’s patches

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56
Q

What are the villi due to?

A

Projection of basal membrane of the mucosa

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57
Q

Function of the projections of the small intestine

A

Increasing absorbing surface by increasing absorbing surface area

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58
Q

Is there a landmark marking the passage from the jejunum to ileum?

A

No, its a smooth transition

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59
Q

Where are the circular folds higher and more frequent, ilium or jejunum?

A

Jujneum

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60
Q

What is the lacteal (in the villi)?

A

Tiny lymphatic vessel

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61
Q

What do the lacteal absorb?

A

Chylomicron which are too big to be absorbed in blood capillaries

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62
Q

Where in the villus is the lacteal located?

A

The central axis

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63
Q

Main cell types of the epithelium covering the intestinal villi and line intestinal glands

A

Enterocytes
Goblet cells

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64
Q

Name of the intestinal glands

A

Crypts of the lieberkhun

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65
Q

What kind of epithelium is found in the small intestine?

A

Single columnar epithelium

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66
Q

What forms the microvilli?

A

The membrane of the enterocytes

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67
Q

Cell types of the intestinal crypts

A

Paneth cells
Stem cells
Neuroendocrine cells
Goblet cells
Enterocytes

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68
Q

How hare the enterocytes in relationship with each other?

A

Through tight junctions (desmosome)

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69
Q

What are transient apmlifying cells?

A

A cell formed from stem cells which will become mature cells such as enterocytes

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70
Q

What do panted cells produce?

A

Lysozyme and other defensive proteins (defensins)

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71
Q

What do neuroendocrine cells produce?

A

Gastrin
cholecystokinin
Secretin

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72
Q

Why are the submucosal Brunner’s glands only located in the duodenum?

A

Because to receives the acid from the stomach and the Brunner’s glands neutralise the chyme

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73
Q

What neutralises the chyme?

A

The Brunner’s gland which secrete an alkaline (pH9) mucoid secretion

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74
Q

How long is the large intestine in the adult?

A

1.5 meters

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75
Q

Name of the pouches of the large intestine

A

Haustra

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76
Q

Different name for large intestine

A

Colon

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77
Q

First part of the large intestine

A

Cecum

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78
Q

Full name of the appendix

A

Vermiform appendix

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79
Q

Where does the terminal part of the ileum enter the colon?

A

The medial wall

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80
Q

What is the right flexure of the colon called?

A

The right colic (hepatic) flexure

81
Q

What is the right flexure of the colon called?

A

The right colic (splenic) flexure

82
Q

Names of the parts of the colon

A

Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum

83
Q

What holds the sigmoid colon?

A

Sigmoid mesocolon

84
Q

What holds the transverse colon?

A

Transverse mesocolon

85
Q

Where are the epiploc typically absent?

A

Cecum
Veriform appendix
Rectum

86
Q

What are the folds of the large intestine called?

A

Semilunar folds

87
Q

What is the junction of the ileum and colon called?

A

The ileal papilla/ ileocolic labrum

88
Q

What are the 2 parts of the ileal papilla?

A

Superior (ileocolic) lip
Inferior (ileocecal) lip

89
Q

What are the semilunar folds of the colon a projection of?

A

The submucosa

90
Q

Can the appendix change position?

A

Yes it is mobile

91
Q

Different name for enterocytes

A

Columnar (absorptive) cells

92
Q

Where are water and salts absorbed?

A

In the colon

93
Q

Are there villi in the colon?

A

No

94
Q

What are the tubular structures in the colon called?

A

Intestinal glands (crypts)

95
Q

Are there microvilli in the colon?

A

Yes but they are shorter and there are fewer than in the small intestine

96
Q

What are the intestinal glands mainly made up of?

A

Goblet cells

97
Q

What forms the appendices apiploicae?

A

Small amounts of fat

98
Q

Where does the rectum start?

A

At the the 3rd sacral vertebra

99
Q

Name of the 2 flexures of the rectum

A

Sacral felxure
Perineal flexure

100
Q

How long is the rectum in an adult?

A

About 15 cm

101
Q

What is the anterior wall of the rectum in contact with in the male?

A

Urinary bladder
Prostate
Seminal gland

102
Q

What is the anterior wall of the rectum in contact with in the female?

A

Uterus
Vagina

103
Q

Name of the pouch between the anterior wall of rectum and the uterus

A

Rectouterine pouch/Pouch of douglas

104
Q

Name of the pouch between the anterior wall of rectum and the bladder

A

Rectovesical pouch

105
Q

Which way does the oesophagus curve?

A

Anteriorly
To the left when it goes through the diaphragm

106
Q

Where is the cervical part of the oesophagus located?

A

Between C6-T2

107
Q

2 parts of the thoracic part of the oesophagus

A

Mediastinal
Diaphragmatic

Or

Epibronchial
Hypobronchial

108
Q

Name of the junction between the stomach and the oesophagus

A

Gastroesophageal junction

109
Q

What kind of muscle is the stomach?

A

Hollow and unpaired viscera

110
Q

Different name for gastroesophageal junction

A

Z line

111
Q

Which margin of the stomach is longer, the right margin or the left margin?

A

The left margin

112
Q

Which orifice connects the stomach and the oesophagus?

A

The superior/ cardinal orifice

113
Q

Which orifice connects the stomach and the duodenum ?

A

The inferior/ pyloric orifice

114
Q

Different name for fundus of the stomach

A

Greater tuberosity

115
Q

What part of the stomach touches the dome of the diaphragm?

A

The fundus

116
Q

Which 4 ligaments attach to the stomach?

A

Gastrophrenic ligament
Gastroplenic ligament
Gatrocolic ligament
Hepatogastric ligament

117
Q

What marks the internal surface of the body?

A

Gastric folds

118
Q

What determines the gastric folds?

A

The lifting of mucosa and submucosa

119
Q

Which axis are the gastric folds directed?

A

Longitudinal

120
Q

Are the gastric folds permanent?

A

No and they disappear when the stomach dilates

121
Q

What is the sphincter between the duodenum and the stomach called?

A

The pyloric sphincter

122
Q

3 layers of the mucosa of the stomach

A

Surface epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscular mucosae

123
Q

3 groups of gastric glands in the stomach

A

Cardial
Principal
Pyloric

124
Q

Where are the gastric glands of the stomach always located?

A

The lamina propria

125
Q

5 cell types of the wall of the gastric glands

A

Chief
Parietal
Mucous neck
Stem (white)
Neuroendocrine

126
Q

Which cells are the source of pepsin and lipase?

A

Chief cells

127
Q

Which cells are the source of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal cells

128
Q

Embryological origins of the spleen

A

Immune cells
Does not originate from the primitive GI tube

129
Q

Where in the glands in the stomach are stem cells situated?

A

The isthmus of the gland

130
Q

Which cells are the source of pepsin and lipase?

A

Chief cells

131
Q

Which cells are the source of gastric (hydrochloric) acid and intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal cells

132
Q

What is intrinsic factor?

A

Glycoprotein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12

133
Q

Different name for parietal cells

A

Delomorphic cell
Oxyntic cell

134
Q

What does the submucosa of the stomach consist of?

A

Loose connective tissue with elastic fibers and adipose cells

135
Q

Where is the muscular external of the stomach located?

A

Immediately under the serosa

136
Q

Where is the circular muscle layer of the stomach poorly developed?

A

Oesophageal region

137
Q

Where is the circular muscle layer of the stomach thickened?

A

Distal pyloric antrum

138
Q

Where is the longitudinal muscle layer of the stomach most pronounced?

A

Upper 2/3 of the stomach

139
Q

Where is the oblique muscle layer of the stomach most obvious?

A

In the lower half

140
Q

What produces the churning movement that mixes food with the gastric secretion?

A

The actions of muscular externa

141
Q

Which muscle layer of the GI tract is inner, circular or longitudinal?

A

Circular layer

142
Q

Where is the oblique layer of muscle located in the stomach?

A

Internally to the inner circular layer

143
Q

What part of the stomach is not covered with the oblique layer?

A

Lesser curvature
Pyloric part

144
Q

What is the serosa of the stomach an extension of?

A

The visceral peritoneum

145
Q

What part of the stomach does the serosa cover?

A

Everything but the attachements of the lesser and greater omens to the lesser and greater curvatures

146
Q

pH of the stomach

A

2

147
Q

What signifies the change from the different parts of the small bowel?

A

No clear distinction but a gradual change in morphology

148
Q

What its the intersection of the left colic artery with the inferior mesenteric vein called?

A

Vascular arch of Treitz

149
Q

Where does the suspensory muscle of the duodenum attach? (hint: it is also called ligament of Treitz)

A

At the vascular arch of Treitz

150
Q

Which is the least mobile part of the small intestine?

A

The duodenum

151
Q

Is the whole duodenum lined by peritoneum?

A

No only some parts

152
Q

Is the duodenal flexure mobile?

A

No it is pretty much completely immobile

153
Q

Which part of the duodenum is most mobile?

A

The superior part

154
Q

What determines the longitudinal fold of the duodenum?

A

The common bile duct

155
Q

Different name for the jejunum and ileum?

A

Mesenteric small intestine

156
Q

Which is longer, the jejunum or ileum?

A

Ileum

157
Q

In which part of the mesenteric small intestine are lymphoid cells more abundant?

A

Ileum

158
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

A fold of the peritoneum that connects the jejunum and ileum with the posterior abdominal wall

159
Q

What primarily determines the thickness of the mesentery?

A

Amount of adipose tissue

160
Q

4 layers of the small intestine (hint it is the same as the rest of the oesophagogastricointestinal canal)

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular layer
Serosa

161
Q

2 major functions of the mucosa in the small intestine

A

Digestion and absorption

162
Q

How much does the circular folds increase the absorption area?

A

3 times

163
Q

How much does the villi increase the absorption area?

A

10 times

164
Q

How much does the microvilli increase the absorption area?

A

20-40 times

165
Q

Which can be considered the most important organ in the digestive organ and why?

A

The small intestine
Because breakdown of food and absorption takes place

166
Q

Where is the caecum located?

A

Right iliac fossa

167
Q

Different name for sigmoid colon

A

Pelvic colon

168
Q

Name of the 3 teniae of the colon

A

Mesocolic
Omental
Tenia coli

169
Q

What is the omental appendices?

A

Peritoneal flaps filled with adipose tissue

170
Q

Different name for omental appendices?

A

Epiploic appendices

171
Q

What separates the cecum and the ascending colon?

A

Anterior and posterior grooves externally
Internally by the passing through the ideal orifice

172
Q

Which teniae is located anterior?

A

Tenia coli

173
Q

Which teniae is located posterior?

A

Mental

174
Q

Which teniae is located medial?

A

Mesocolic

175
Q

Where does the variform appendix originate?

A

Medial wall of the cecum

176
Q

Where does the colon lack serous lining?

A

In its posterior surfaces

177
Q

What leaves the colic impression on the liver?

A

The right colic flexure

178
Q

Where does the hepacolic ligeament extend?

A

From the right colic flexure to the inferior surface of the liver

179
Q

Where does the Cholecystocolic ligament extend?

A

Inferior surface of the gallbladder to the right extremity of the transverse colon

180
Q

Where does the right phrenicocolic ligament extend?

A

Right colic flexure to diaphragm

181
Q

Which way does the transverse colon concave?

A

Upward

182
Q

How much of the transerve colon is covered in peritoneum?

A

All of it

183
Q

How many spaces does the transverse mesocolom divide the peritoneal cavity into?

A

2

184
Q

Name of the 2 compartments of the peritoneal cavity

A

Supramesocolic space
Submesocolic space

185
Q

Which of the 2 compartments of the peritoneal cavity is smaller?

A

The Supramesocolic space

186
Q

2 parts of the sigmoid colon

A

Iliac tract
Pelvic tract

187
Q

What is the sigmoid mesocolon?

A

A double layer peritoneal layer that surrounds the sigmoid colon and connects it to the posterior abdominal wall

188
Q

What kind of concavity does the sacral flexure of the rectum present?

A

Anterior

189
Q

What are the transverse folds of the rectum similar to?

A

The semilunar folds of the colon

190
Q

Does the rectum have haustra?

A

No

191
Q

What is the anal columns?

A

5-10 longitudinal elevations located above the anus

192
Q

Why is the wall of the vermiform appendix thickened?

A

Due to the precedes of the a considerable amount og lymphoid tissue

193
Q

2 main types of cells in the superficial epithelium of the mucosa of the colon

A

Goblet cells
Absorptive cells

194
Q

Are there lymphoid elements in the colon?

A

Yes they are very abundant

195
Q

What is found in the parts of the colon that lack serosa?

A

Adventitia

196
Q

What part of the colon is responsible for absorption of nutrients?

A

The first third up to the middle of the transverse colon

197
Q

What part of the colon is responsible for water absorption?

A

The second third from the middle of the transverse colon to the middle of the sigmoid colon

198
Q

What function does the last third of the colon have (from the middle of the sigmoid colon to the anus)

A

Reservoir for feces

199
Q

Name of the 4 constrictions of the oesophagus

A

Cricoid
Aortic
Bronchial
Diaphragmatic

human anatomy and organogenesis (21 decks)

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