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PSY1017- Cognitive Psychology with Research Methods 1 > 4- Language > Flashcards

4- Language Flashcards

1
Q

Why does language have a fundamental basis in cognitive psychology?

A

It underpins everything we do and informs everything else

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2
Q

What is linguistics?

A

The scientific study of language and its structure

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3
Q

What does studying linguistics include?

A

Grammar, syntax and phonetics

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4
Q

What is psycholinguistics?

A

The scientific study of the psychological reality of language use

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5
Q

What are the 4 main aspects of studying psycholinguistics?

A

Language acquisition, use of language, language comprehension, psychological mechanisms used to process and represent language in the mind

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6
Q

What are psycholinguistics concerned with?

A

Psychomechanisms that underlie language

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7
Q

What is language?

A

Human systems of communication and personal expressions

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8
Q

What is language built upon?

A

Symbols or representations

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9
Q

What is the purpose of representations?

A

Words that ‘stand in’ for the things they are intended to represent

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10
Q

What do representations in language cause us to create?

A

Internal, mental representations of words

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11
Q

What three key principles characterise human language?

A

Generativity, recursion and displacement

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12
Q

What does generativity allow?

A

A speaker to use a small number of words/grammatical structures to compose an infinite number of sentences and new ideas

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13
Q

What can we do with generativity?

A

Use a small number of words/grammatical structures to compose an infinite number of sentences and new ideas

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14
Q

How does generativity allow every person to uniquely express thoughts in own way?

A

We can create entirely new ideas from a unique arrangement of words with generativity

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15
Q

How many sentences can we create with generativity?

A

Infinite

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16
Q

How does generativity influence us conveying the same idea?

A

We can say the same idea while using different words, just not as well

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17
Q

What does recursion mean?

A

Any sentences can be extended indefinitely by embedding clauses or phrases within or following it

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18
Q

How can recursion make any sentence go on forever?

A

It can make any sentence more and more complex

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18
Q

How can we extend any sentence indefinitely in recursion?

A

By embedding clauses or phrases within or following it

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19
Q

What are the 4 key aspects of language?

A

Phonology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

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20
Q

What is phonology?

A

The study of human sounds- fundamental sounds that make up spoken language

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21
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

The most basic auditory unit of spoken natural language

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22
Q

Why is phonology critical?

A

To understand language

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23
Q

What do people who study phonemes do to break language down?

A

They break phonemes down into the shape your mouth makes/where in your mouth the sound comes from

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24
Q

How do babies learn phonemes?

A

Really well

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25
Q

Can newborn babies recognise phonemes?

A

Yes, they can recognise phonemes they’ve heard before vs phonemes in a foreign language

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26
Q

How was it found out that babies can distinguish between phonemes in different languages?

A

Babies sucked dummies harder when listening to a foreign language

27
Q

What did investigating babies sucking rates in relation to phonemes suggest?

A

That babies listen to speech in the womb and are learning about it

28
Q

Who are best at phonemic discrimination?

A

Children

29
Q

Why can infants no longer distinguish between non-native language distinctions by 12 months?

A

As a function of specific language experience with their own language- a reorganisation of perception

30
Q

What are semantics?

A

The meaning of words, phrases and utterances

31
Q

What two meanings are associated with semantics?

A

Conceptual meaning and associative meaning

32
Q

What is the conceptual meaning?

A

A word’s linguistic function

33
Q

What is the associative function?

A

Concepts relating to other words

34
Q

What are two issues with semantics?

A

Homonyms and polysemy

35
Q

What are homonyms?

A

Semantically ambiguous words where orthographic and phonological information overlap but semantic information does not

36
Q

Why are homonyms confusing?

A

They are words that look exactly the same but share no conceptual meaning

37
Q

What is polysemy?

A

Semantically ambiguous words that have different but similar functions

38
Q

How are words with polysemy similar and how are they different?

A

They have related conceptual meanings but different functions

39
Q

What are the two ways of studying semantics?

A

Semantic association task and a lexical decision task

40
Q

What happens in a semantic association task?

A

Participants classifies stimuli based on meaning

41
Q

What is the purpose of a semantic association task?

A

Detection and classification of semantic relationships between words

42
Q

What happens in a lexical decision task?

A

Participants classify whether a string of letters are a word or not

43
Q

What governs sentence structure?

A

Syntax

44
Q

What is syntax?

A

Rules/principles we consider sentences grammatical by

45
Q

What would happen without syntax?

A

People wouldn’t understand what we’re trying to say

46
Q

How can we study syntax?

A

By giving people sentences and asking if they make sense

47
Q

How do people naturally understand grammar?

A

People have an intuitive sense of grammar

48
Q

What does syntax govern?

A

How utterances made

49
Q

What do language differ in (in syntax)?

A

Their preferred word order

50
Q

What kind of language is English?

A

An SVO language (subject-verb-object)

51
Q

What are pragmatics

A

Context within which language is used

52
Q

What do people use pragmatics to do?

A

Express meaning

53
Q

What does pragmatics study?

A

Meaning in context

54
Q

What do pragmatics deal with?

A

Implied meaning as opposed to the lexical meaning expressed

55
Q

What are two key aspects of pragmatics?

A

Interpreting what speakers mean, how people make sense of each other

56
Q

What are pragmatics governed by?

A

Gricean maxims of pragmatics

57
Q

What are the Gricean maxims of pragmatics?

A

Rules for effective cooperative communication where everyone is understood

58
Q

What do the Gricean maxims of pragmatics state about conversations?

A

When we enter into conversation, we enter into cooperative agreement

59
Q

What are the 4 Gricean maxims of pragmatics?

A

Quality, quantity, relation, manner

60
Q

What is the maxim of quality?

A

Contribution to the conversation should be true

61
Q

What is the maxim of quantity?

A

Contribution to conversation should be as informative as required- give enough information to be understood, but don’t go on too long

62
Q

What is the maxim of relation?

A

Contribution to the conversation should be relevant

63
Q

What is the maxim of manner?

A

Contribution to the conversation should be as clear, as brief, and as orderly as you can in what you say, avoiding obscurity and ambiguity

64
Q

What is the problem with some words?

A

They can be semantically ambiguous

65
Q

What are garden path sentences?

A

Gramatically correct sentences that lead you to incorrect interpretations

PSY1017- Cognitive Psychology with Research Methods 1 (38 decks)

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