16-2

Question 1

how many liters of fluid filter from blood into tissue spaces daily?

Answer 1

20 liters

Question 2

Lymphatic tissue is a specialized form of ________?

Answer 2

reticular connective tissue

Question 3

Interstitial fluid and lymph contain less _______ than blood plasma.

Answer 3

protein

Question 4

How many liters of lymph fluid are filtered from arterial capillaries and returned to blood through reabsorption

Answer 4

17 liters

Question 5

The remaining 3 liters per day pass first into ________ and are then returned to the blood.

Answer 5

lymphatic vessels

Question 6

What are the 3 Primary Functions of the Lymphatic System?

Answer 6

1. Drains excess interstitial fluid
2. Transports Dietary Lipids
3. Carries out Immune Responses

Question 7

Lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger than blood capillaries and have a unique structure that permits interstitial fluid to flow _________.

Answer 7

into them, but not
out.

Question 8

lymph nodes contain masses of _________ that are surrounded by a capsule.

Answer 8

B cells and T cells

Question 9

what are the 2 main channels lymph passes into?

Answer 9

1. thoracic duct
2. right lymphatic duct

Question 10

which duct receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest; the left upper limb; and the entire body below the ribs?

Answer 10

thoracic duct

Question 11

Which duct drains lymph from the upper right side of the
body?

Answer 11

right lymphatic duct

Question 12

what 2 pumps aid return of venous blood to the heart & maintain the flow of lymph:

Answer 12

1. Skeletal muscle pump
2. Respiratory pump

Question 13

How does the skeletal muscle pump work?

Answer 13

“milking action”

compresses lymphatic vessels and forces lymph toward the subclavian veins.

Question 14

How does the Respiratory muscle pump work?

Answer 14

pressure changes that occur during inhalation, and reverse during exhalation

Question 15

How does the Respiratory muscle pump work?

Answer 15

pressure changes that occur during inhalation, and reverse during exhalation

Question 16

What are the 2 sites where stem cells divide and develop into mature B cells and T cells?

Answer 16

1. Red bone marrow
2. Thymus

Question 17

where do stem cells give rise to mature B Cells and immature T Cells?

Answer 17

Red bone marrow

Question 18

Where do T cells mature?

Answer 18

Thymus

Question 19

what are the 3 Secondary Lymphatic Organs?

Answer 19

1. lymph nodes
2. spleen
3. lymphatic nodules

Question 20

where are Lymph nodes heavily concentrated?

Answer 20

mammary glands, axillae and groin

Question 21

what is the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body?

Answer 21

spleen

Question 22

the spleen contains 2 types of tissue?

Answer 22

1. white pulp
2. red pulp

Question 23

what is white pulp?

Answer 23

lymphatic tissue where B and T cells carry out immune responses

Question 24

what is red pulp?

Answer 24

blood-filled sinuses where worn-out blood cells and platelets are removed

Question 25

what are egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule.

Answer 25

Lymphatic Nodules

Question 26

What includes the skin and mucous membranes (First Line of Defense) and (Second Line of Defense), such as antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever.

Answer 26

Innate Immunity

Question 27

Lymphatic nodules are plentiful in the connective tissue of mucous membranes lining what?

Answer 27

gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts and the respiratory airways.

Question 28

what involves lymphocytes called B cells and T cells and there are 2 types of adaptive immunity: Cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity?

Answer 28

Adaptive Immunity

Question 29

What are the 2 lines of defense?

Answer 29

1. Skin and mucous membranes 2. Internal defenses

Question 30

what are the 5 Internal defenses?

Answer 30

1. Fever 2. Phagocytes 3. Antimicrobial substances 4. Inflammation 5. Natural killer cells

Question 31

what do Antimicrobial substances do?

Answer 31

discourage microbial growth

Question 32

what do Phagocytes do?

Answer 32

ingest microbes

Question 33

what causes cellular destruction by releasing proteins that destroy the target cells membrane?

Answer 33

Natural killer cells

Question 34

what prevents spread to other tissues and prepares site for repair?

Answer 34

inflammation

Question 35

what intensifies effects of interferons, inhibits microbial growth and speeds up reactions that aid in repair?

Answer 35

Fever

Question 36

what is the 1st Line of Defense?

Answer 36

Skin and Mucous Membranes

Question 37

what is the 2nd Line of Defense?

Answer 37

Internal Defenses

Question 38

what are the 3 main functions of a fever?

Answer 38

1. intensifies the effects of interferons 2. inhibits the growth of some microbes 3. speeds up body reactions that aid repair

Question 39

What is a defensive response of the body to tissue damage?

Answer 39

Inflammation

Question 40

what are the 2 major types of T cells?

Answer 40

1. Helper T cells 2. Cytotoxic T cells

Question 41

what are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 41

1. cell mediated immunity 2. antibody mediated immunity

Question 42

What is an abnormally high body temperature that occurs because the hypothalamic thermostat is reset?

Answer 42

Fever

Question 43

The branch of science that deals with the responses of the body to antigens is called what?

Answer 43

immunology

Question 44

Adaptive immune system cells recognize and do not attack their own tissues and chemicals is called what?

Answer 44

self- tolerance

Question 45

Both types of adaptive immunity are triggered by what?

Answer 45

antigens

Question 46

What aid the immune responses of both cell-mediated and antibody mediated immunity?

Answer 46

Helper T cells

Question 47

Cell-mediated immunity is particularly effective against what?

Answer 47

1. viruses, bacteria, or fungi 2. cancer cells 3. foreign tissue transplants

Question 48

A lymphocyte that undergoes clonal selection gives rise to two major types of cells which are?

Answer 48

Effector cells and memory cells.

Question 49

Are effector cells short lived or long lived?

Answer 49

short lived

Question 50

Are memory cells short lived or long lived?

Answer 50

long lived

Question 51

Located at the plasma membrane surface of most body cells are protein “selfantigens” known as what?

Answer 51

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

Question 52

What help T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign, not self?

Answer 52

MHC proteins

Question 53

Immunoglobulins are grouped into what 5 different classes?

Answer 53

1. IgG, 2. IgA 3. IgM 4. IgE 5. IgD

Question 54

What do IgM antibodies indicate?

Answer 54

recent infection

Question 55

What are the 4 types of antimicrobial substances?

Answer 55

1. Lymphocytes 2. Interferons 3. Macrophages 4. Fibroblasts

Question 56

Viruses can only cause disease if they can what?

Answer 56

replicate

Question 57

What creates holes in the plasma membrane of the microbe?

Answer 57

complement proteins

Question 58

extracellular fluid moves into the holes, causing the microbe to burst, a process called what?

Answer 58

cytolysis

Question 59

what are the 4 sx of inflammation?

Answer 59

1. redness 2. pain 3. heat 4. swelling

Question 60

B cells transform into what?

Answer 60

plasma cells

Question 61

Cell mediated immunity is effective against

Answer 61

intracellular pathogens

Question 62

Antibody mediated immunity is effective against

Answer 62

extracellular pathogens

Question 63

IgM

Answer 63

recent infection

Question 64

IgA

Answer 64

from breast milk

Question 65

IgG

Answer 65

cross placenta