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Urinalysis Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

5 Clinical reasons for performing urinalysis testing:

A
  1. important indicator of health
  2. screening test
  3. cost-effective
  4. non-invasive
  5. simple to perform
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2
Q

Urinalysis screening test is used to assess 4 things?

A
  1. renal function
  2. endocrine function
  3. systemic disease
  4. UTI
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3
Q

What are the 2 methods of urine collection?

A
  1. Non-instrumented
  2. Instrumented collection
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4
Q

4 Types of non-instrumented collection:

A
  1. first morning void
  2. random urine specimen
  3. clean catch urine specimen
  4. 24hr urine specimen
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5
Q

3 types of instrumented collection:

A
  1. urethral catheterization
  2. suprapubic needle aspiration
  3. catheterization and bladder irrigation
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6
Q

Urine specimens should be analyzed within how many hours?

A

1-2 hours

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7
Q

You can refrigerate the specimen for how many hours?

A

3-6 hours

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8
Q

specimens left at room temp will begin to decompose due to what?

A

presence of bacteria

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9
Q

If urine is left at room temp it will decompose and cause what?

A

inaccurate results

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10
Q

what process produces bacteria that produces ammonia that combines with hydrogen ions to increase pH?

A

Urea splitting

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11
Q

Changes in pH will dissolve what?

A

casts

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12
Q

If glucose is present in the urine, bacteria will use it as a source of energy causing what?

A

false negative glycosuria

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13
Q

blood cells and casts will deteriorate without what?

A

a preservative

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14
Q

What is the advantage of freezing?

A

simple and no cost

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15
Q

Which is the most concentrated urine specimen?

A

first morning void

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16
Q

What is the recommended specimen for chemical and microscopic exam?

A

first morning void

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17
Q

Which is the most common & convenient for pt?

A

random urine

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18
Q

Which specimen is best for bacterial cultures?

A

clean catch

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19
Q

cultures should be performed within how many hours after collection?

only if _______

A

12 hours

refrigerated

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20
Q

For clean catch what must you tell the pt

A

genitalia must be cleaned with antiseptic wipe

collect mid-stream

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21
Q

what kind of results does a 24hr urine specimen give

qualitative/quantitative?

A

quantitative

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22
Q

Urethral catheterization is not recommended for what?

A

bacteriologic examination

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23
Q

urethral catheterization is commonly used on what type of pts?

A

obese

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24
Q

suprapubic aspiration is collection of choice for what type of pts?

A

infants and children

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25
How many mL of saline are inserted for bladder irrigation?
50-72 mL
26
Catherization and bladder irrigation is best for
cytologic study
27
which method yields optimum sample of bladder epithelium?
Catheterization and bladder irrigation
28
3 methods of urine sample analysis?
1. physical (appearance) 2. chemical (dipstick) 3. microscopic (formed elements)
29
5 methods of physical analysis of a urine sample
1. volume 2. color 3. turbidity 4. odor 5. specific gravity
30
What is the normal volume range in a 24hr period?
600-2000 mL
31
What is the average urine volume?
1500mL
32
The amount of urine is directly related to what 3 things?
1. fluid intake 2. temperature and climate 3. amount of perspiration
33
What is the normal color of urine?
straw color to dark amber
34
blue/green urine means?
methylene dye or stain in diagnostic testing
35
dark orange urine means?
pyridium used to tx UTI
36
milky white urines?
chyle (fat)
37
olive green to brown black urine means?
phenols
38
yellow to brown urine that turns green with foam when shaken?
bile
39
red to red-brown (smokey appearance)
blood
40
what is turbid alkaline due to?
amphorous sulfate & carbonate
41
what is turbid acidic urine due to?
amorphous urates
42
pinkish turbidity is from
urates
43
urine that has been sitting develops what type of odor?
ammonia
44
what causes the ammonia odor in urine?
breakdown of urea by bacteria
45
sweet or fruity smelling urine
ketones
46
pungent smelling urine
ammonia
47
maple syrup smelling urine
maple syrup disease a congenital metabolic disorder
48
musty or mousy smelling urine
phenylketonuria PKU
49
sweaty feet smelling urine
isovaleric acidemia presence of butyric or hexanoic acid
50
what is the specific gravity of random urine?
1.003 - 1.035
51
what is the specific gravity of 24hr urine?
1.015 - 1.025
52
Does normal urine have glucose?
Negative
53
when will the presence of glucose appear in the urine?
160-180
54
what may glucose in the urine indicate?
diabetes mellitus or hyperglycemia
55
Does normal urine have ketones?
Negative
56
what may ketones in the urine indicate?
diabetes mellitus
57
what conditions are associated with ketosis?
* starvation * diabetes mellitus * keto diet * eclampsia
58
Does normal urine have occult blood?
Negative
59
Intact RBCs present in the urine may indicate?
trauma to the kidney or urinary tract
60
hematuria may also be due to
menstrual blood or excessive exercise
61
Does normal urine have bilirubin?
Negative
62
What conditions could cause bilirubin in the urine
jaundice
63
Is Urobilinogen present in normal urine?
yes, 1 or less
64
An increase in urobilinogen may indicate what?
liver disease or hemolytic disease
65
what is the normal pH range for urine?
4.6 - 8.0
66
Is the pH of urine slightly base/acidic?
acidic
67
What is the average pH of urine?
6.0
68
What 5 conditions may cause acidic urine?
1. Respiratory/metabolic acidosis 2. UTI by E. coli 3. Uremia 4. Severe diarrhea 5. Starvation
69
UTIs are caused by what?
Proteus and Pseudomonas
70
Does normal urine have protein?
Negative
71
what is an important indicator of renal disease if present in the urine?
protein
72
Does normal urine have nitrite?
Negative
73
Does normal urine have leukocyte esterase (LE)?
Negative
74
What is used as an indirect test for bacteriuria?
leukocyte esterase
75
what is associated with an inflammatory process in or around the urinary tract?
leukocyturia
76
macroscopic analysis is based on
appearance
77
chemical analysis is based on a
dip stick
78
microscopic analysis is looking for
formed elements
79
Normal color results:
clear to yellow
80
Normal Leukocyte esterase results:
Negative
81
Normal Nitrite results:
Negative
82
Normal Urobilinogen results:
less than or equal to 1
83
Normal Protein results:
Negative to trace
84
Normal pH results:
4.6 to 8.0
85
Normal Blood results:
Negative
86
Normal Specific gravity results:
1.003-1.035
87
Normal Ketones results:
Negative
88
Normal Bilirubin results:
Negative
89
Normal Glucose results:
Negative
90
Normal results RBC:
0-3
91
Normal WBC results:
0-2
92
Normal Epithelial cells results:
0-1
93
Normal Casts results:
depends on the type
94
Normal Bacteria results:
Negative to trace
95
Mild proteinuria
\>0.5
96
Moderate
0.5 - 3.5
97
Significant proteinuria
\>3.5
98
What is an indirect test for bacteriuria (UTI)?
Leukocyte esterase (LE)
99
What may an increase in urobilinogen indicate?
anemia, cirrhosis, viral hepatitis
100
Bilirubin in the urine may suggest
obstruction of the bile duct
101
Dipsticks for blood are dependent on the presence of
hemoglobin, RBCs, and myoglobin
102
A dipstick can detect as few as
1-2 RBCs
103
The presence of how many RBCs is considered abnormal
\<3 RBCs
104
Persistent RBCs may indicate:
glomerulonephritis kidney stones cancer infection
105
Myoglobin is highly suggestive of what?
Rhabdomyolysis
106
Presence of _____ in the urine is an indirect indicator of a UTI?
Nitrite
107
Glycosuria is suggestive of what?
Diabetes
108
If microorganisms are found in the urine what is the first consideration?
contamination
109
\<1 epithelial cells is considered abnormal and may indicate
inflammation
110
what gives urine its color
urochrome

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