16 - Innate Immunity

Question 1

What are the characteristics of innate immunity?

Answer 1

fast, not specific, no memory

Question 2

What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?

Answer 2

slow, specific, has memory

Question 3

What lines of defense are included in innate immunity?

Answer 3

first and second

Question 4

What lines of defense are included in adaptive immunity?

Answer 4

3rd

Question 5

What are the parts of the 1st line of defense?

Answer 5

1. physical factors (skin, mucous membranes, body secretions-tears/saliva/earwax/urine)
2. chemical factors (gastric juice, lysozymes, vaginal secretions etc.)

Question 6

What are the 3 granulocytes and what do they end in?

Answer 6

1. neutrophils
2. basophils
3. eosinophils
   “phil”

Question 7

What are the 3 agranulocytes?

Answer 7

1. monocytes -> macrophages
2. dendritic cells
3. lymphocytes

Question 8

Neutrophils

Answer 8

phagocytic - multiple lobes

Question 9

Basophils

Answer 9

inflammation, allergies

Question 10

Eosinophils

Answer 10

toxin against parasites, phagocytic

Question 11

Monocytes

Answer 11

• in tissue turn to macrophages
• phagocytosis

Question 12

Dendritic cells

Answer 12

phagocytosis (long extensions - allow for more surface area to contact with more pathogens)

Question 13

Lymphocytes

Answer 13

NK, T, B cells (more in another chapter)

Question 14

What is the main function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 14

to get fluid out of the tissues and filter it and then return it back to the bloodstream

Question 15

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 15

ingestion of substance/”bad-guy”

Question 16

What are the five steps of phagocytosis?

Answer 16

1. chemotaxis (phagocyte attracted to microbe)
2. ingestion (membrane expands and engulfs microbe)
3. membrane surrounds microbes, inside phagosome
4. digestion (phagosome and lysosome fuse to create phagolysosome
5. phagolysosome with digested material is expelled from cell

Question 17

What are the 3 functions of inflammation?

Answer 17

1. destroy microbe, remove it
2. confining microbe
3. repair and replace damaged tissue

Question 18

What are the symptoms of inflammation?

Answer 18

redness, pain, heat, swelling

Question 19

What are the steps of inflammation?

Answer 19

1. tissue damage (histamine, cytokines, kinins, prostaglandins released)
   - vasodilation (increased blood flow - redness)
   - increased permeability (migration of fluid -edema)
2. margination (phagocytes stick to blood vessel inner surface)
3. diapedesis (phagocytes move through vessel walls)
4. phagocytes destroy microbes - phagocytosis

Question 20

What is a fever?

Answer 20

any body temperature that is higher than what it should be (100.4 and up)

Question 21

What is a sign temperature is going up?

Answer 21

chills

Question 22

What is a sign temperature is going down?

Answer 22

sweats

Question 23

How does a fever happen?

Answer 23

LPS/other foreign molecule -> release of cytokines -> hypothalamus releases prostaglandins to reset thermostat -> fever

Question 24

What are the 3 functions of the complement system?

Answer 24

1. kill microbes
2. aid in inflammation
3. phagocytosis

Question 25

What are the names of the 3 complement pathways?

Answer 25

1. Classical pathway 2. Alternative pathway 3. Lectin pathway

Question 26

How does the classical pathway activate C3?

Answer 26

1. C1 is activated by binding to antigen-antibody complexes 2. Activated C1 splits into C2 and C4 3. C2a and C4b combine and activate C3 (which splits)

Question 27

How does the alternative pathway activate C3?

Answer 27

1. C3 combines with factors B,D, and P on the surface of a microbe 2. This causes C3 to split into fragments C3a and C3b

Question 28

What is the pathway after C3 (5)?

Answer 28

1. C3 is activated through classical/alternative pathway 2. C3a causes inflammation 3. C3b causes opsonization and splits C5 4. C5a causes inflammation and C5b activates C6, C7, C8 5. C6-8 attach together and bind to the membrane and signal lots of C9 which forms a donut shaped complex which causes a hole and leads to cell death (Membrane attack complex = mac)

Question 29

What is the difference between the classical and alternative pathways?

Answer 29

how they activate C3

Question 30

What are interferons?

Answer 30

specific type of cytokine antiviral proteins, produced by lymphocytes and macrophages, interferes with viral replication

Question 31

How do interferons work?

Answer 31

Basically once a cell is infected with a virus it is impossible to save it and its just better to be destroyed - so it sends a signal via interferons to its neighbor which says hey you need to arm yourself against the virus - when the neighbor gets the interferon it starts making antiviral proteins that cause the virus to degrade when it enters the cell

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT part of the body's first line of defense? a. skin b. mucous membranes c. saliva d. fever

Answer 32

d. fever

Question 33

Which of the following is classified as an agranulocyte? a. monocyte b. neutrophil c. eosinophil d. basophil

Answer 33

a. monocyte

Question 34

Complement proteins are numbered?

Answer 34

C1-C9