2 - Chemistry & Macromolecules

Question 1

What is the smallest unit of a substance?

Answer 1

atom

Question 2

What is a pure substance?

Answer 2

element

Question 3

How many electrons does the 1st electron shell hold?

Answer 3

2

Question 4

How many electrons do the 2nd and 3rd shells holds?

Answer 4

8

Question 5

What is the goal of chemical bonds?

Answer 5

to allow atoms to have full outer electron shells

Question 6

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 6

atoms sharing electrons

Question 7

Some atoms have a stronger pull on the shared electrons, this is based on a property called __________.

Answer 7

electronegativity

Question 8

Polar covalent bonds

Answer 8

non-equal sharing of electrons - electrons are closer to EN atom

Question 9

Non-polar covalent bonds

Answer 9

two atoms equally sharing electrons

Question 10

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 10

electrons are given from one atom to another

Question 11

Cation

Answer 11

atom in an ionic bond that has a positive charge

Question 12

Anion

Answer 12

atom in an ionic bond that has a negative charge

Question 13

What is a hydrogen bond

Answer 13

hydrogen bonding to more electronegative atoms gives a slightly positive charge this will have a weak interaction with slightly negative atoms somewhere else

Question 14

Describe the pH scale: neutral = _________, less than 7 = __________, more than 7 = __________.

Answer 14

neutral = 7
less than 7 = acidic
more than 7 = basic

Question 15

What is a buffer?

Answer 15

substance that minimizes changes in pH - protect cells by maintaining homeostasis

Question 16

How many bonds can Carbon form?

Answer 16

4

Question 17

What is the chemical formula of carbohydrates?

Answer 17

(CH2O)n - carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 18

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Answer 18

fuel for cells

Question 19

Carbohydrates end in ______.

Answer 19

“ose”

Question 20

What is the difference between mono, di, and poly saccharides?

Answer 20

1. mono = simple sugars (3-7 carbon atoms)
2. di = 2 monosaccharides
3. poly = 10-100s of simple sugars

Question 21

What is the function of glycogen?

Answer 21

glucose subunits, storage material by animals and some bacteria

Question 22

What is the function of starch?

Answer 22

glucose subunits, storage in plants

Question 23

What is the function of cellulose?

Answer 23

glucose subunits, cell walls of plants and algae

Question 24

What is the function of chitin?

Answer 24

cell wall in fungi and in exoskeletons

Question 25

What are lipids made up of?

Answer 25

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 26

Are lipids polar or non-polar?

Answer 26

non-polar and are insoluble in water

Question 27

What are fats or simple lipids made up of?

Answer 27

glycerol + fatty acid(s)

Question 28

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Answer 28

1. saturated - no double bonds 2. unsaturated - at least one double bond

Question 29

Describe the makeup of a phospholipid:

Answer 29

1. glycerol 2. 2 fatty acids (diglyceride) 3. phosphate group

Question 30

What are the function/types of proteins?

Answer 30

1. enzymes 2. transporters 3. toxins 4. cell structures 5. hormones 6. antibodies 7. many more

Question 31

What are proteins made up of?

Answer 31

1. amino group (NH2) 2. R group (side chain that differs) 3. Hydrogen 4. Carboxyl group (OH-C=O)

Question 32

Describe the four levels of protein folding:

Answer 32

1. primary: sequence of a.a. 2. secondary: twisting or folding of chain 3. tertiary: 3D structure 4. quaternary: multiple subunits

Question 33

What is it called when a protein unfolds?

Answer 33

denaturation

Question 34

What are nucleic acids made up of?

Answer 34

nucleotides

Question 35

what are the three parts of nucleotides?

Answer 35

1. nitrogenous bases (A,T,C,G,U) 2. pentose sugar (deoxyribose/ribose) 3. phosphate group

Question 36

Describe the structure of DNA.

Answer 36

1. double helix 2. deoxyribose 3. A-T/G-C

Question 37

Describe the structure of RNA.

Answer 37

1. single strand 2. ribose 3. A-U/G-C

Question 38

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the 4 main families of biological molecules referred to as

Answer 38

macromolecules

Question 39

You inform the patient that it is important for her to maintain a diet rich in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, so that each of these macromolecules can be metabolized to form a high-energy compound called

Answer 39

ATP

Question 40

What is the smallest component of a pure substance that exhibits physical and chemical properties of that substance?

Answer 40

atom

Question 41

The nucleus contains ______.

Answer 41

protons and neutrons