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Microbiology > 4 - Cells > Flashcards

4 - Cells Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What is the difference b/w prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes (no nuclear membrane, DNA is circular, no membrane-enclosed organelles, and cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan)

eukaryotes (DNA is enclosed in a membrane bound nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles)

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2
Q

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. cocci (spheres)
  2. bacilli (rods)
  3. spirillus (spirals)
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3
Q

What are the 4 arrangements of cocci?

A

round
1. diplo = 2
2. strepto = chain
3. tetrad = 4 (sarcina=8)
4. staphylo = cluster

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4
Q

What are the 2 arrangements of bacillus?

A

rod
1. diplo=2
2. strepto= chain

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5
Q

What are the 3 arrangements of spirillus?

A

1+ twists
1. vibrios = curved rods
2. spirilla = corkscrew & rigid
3. spirochetes = helical & flexible

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6
Q

Glycocalyx

A

“sugar coat” gelatinous substance surrounding cell that is made up of sugar and protein and aids in biofilm development

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7
Q

What are the two types of glycocalyx?

A
  1. capsule (firmly attached)
  2. slime layer (loosely attached)
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8
Q

Axial filaments

A

mode of movement for spirochetes - fibril bundles at ends of cell - spiral and rotate around cell causing spirochete to move in spiral motion

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9
Q

Flagella

A

long filament appendages used for movement

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10
Q

What are the 2 major arrangements of flagella?

A
  1. petrichous (all over cell)
  2. polar (at one or both ends of a cell)
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11
Q

What are the 3 major types of polar flagella?

A
  1. monotrichous - 1 flagella at 1 pole
  2. lophotrichous - group of flagella at 1 pole
  3. amphitrichous - both poles
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12
Q

List the 3 parts of a flagella:

A
  1. filament: long, outermost region (made of flagellin)
  2. hook: attaches filament
  3. basal body: anchors flagella to cell wall
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13
Q

What is the difference between GRAM + and GRAM - flagella?

A

Gram - have 2 pairs of rings and Gram + have 1 set of rings

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14
Q

Fimbriae

A

similar to cilia in eukaryotes - short hairlike appendages for attachment and transfer of DNA (at poles or around entire cell)

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15
Q

Pili

A

longer than fibriae - motility and DNA transfer (sex pili transfer DNA from one cell to another)

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16
Q

What is the bacteria cell wall made up of?

A

peptidoglycan

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17
Q

List the sugars in peptidoglycan

A

repeating disaccharides & polypeptides
1. NAG
2. NAM

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18
Q

Cell walls of gram positive cells

A
  1. many thick peptidoglycan layers
  2. thick rigid cell wall
  3. teichoic acids
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19
Q

Cell walls of gram negative cells

A
  1. thin layer of peptidoglycan
  2. no teichoic acid
  3. extra plasma membrane
  4. outer membrane: lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
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20
Q

Active transport

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A

requires energy low to high concentration

21
Q

Passive transport

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A

no energy required high to low concentration

22
Q

What happens when a cell is hypertonic?

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A

shrink - plasmolysis (solute concentration of medium is higher than inside cell)

23
Q

What happens when a cell is hypotonic?

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A

osmotic lysis (solute concentration of medium is lower than inside cell)

24
Q

What happens when a cell is isotonic?

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A

equilibrium (equal solute concentration in and out of cell)

25
Cytoplasm of bacteria
substance inside the cell (water, sugar, lipids, ions, proteins, nucleoid, ribosomes, inclusions)
26
DNA structure in prokaryotes
1. nucleoid (single long circular double strand of DNA with no nuclear envelope/histones) 2. plasmids (small circular DNA molecules that are independent of chromosomes and not crucial for survival)
27
Difference of ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, why is this important?
the only difference is size (70s vs 80s) and is important for making antibiotics
28
Inclusion bodies
accumulate nutrients when abundant/reserve deposits
29
Endospores
resting cells for survival of extreme conditions - contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes, enzymes - only Gram +
30
Nucleus of eukaryotes
membrane bound-nuclear envelope that contains DNA with histones that are organized into chromosomes and have a nucleolus at the center where rRNA is made
31
Rough ER
folds and processes proteins (has ribosomes)
32
Smooth ER
makes phospholipids, fats, sterols
33
Golgi complex
protein packaging and transport (post-office of the cell)
34
Lysosomes
digestive center
35
Mitochondria
produces the energy for the cell (ATP) made up of two membranes (cristae: sack-like folds and matrix: inside of mitochondria)
36
Chloroplasts
photosynthesis in algae and plants - sunlight converted to energy
37
taxis
movement toward or away specific stimuli
38
Two types of taxis
1. chemotaxis: toward/away from chemicals 2. phototaxis: toward/away from light
39
What color is gram positive/negative?
+ : purple - : red
40
How does penicillin work?
interferes with formation of peptidoglycan (gram + susceptible)
41
What are the 3 parts of the LPS?
1. Lipid A - endotoxin 2. Core polysaccharide - structure and stability 3. O polysaccharide - sugar that extends out
42
Diffusion
movement of molecules from high to low concentration that requires no energy
43
Facilitated diffusion:
proteins act as channels to help move molecules across membrane - no energy required (high to low)
44
Osmosis
diffusion of water from high to low or low to high solute concentration
45
What is the mobility difference between flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
eukaryotes move wavelike and prokaryotes spin
46
What makes up the cell wall of algae and plants?
cellulose
47
What is the major difference between the prokaryote and eukaryote cytoplasm?
eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton
48
What is endocytosis?
uptake of material from outside the cell
49
What are the two types of endocytosis?
1. phagocytosis: plasma membrane surrounds molecule and engulfs it 2. pinocytosis: cell brings fluid into cytoplasm

Microbiology (23 decks)

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