1.6: Urban Settlements (Paper 2) Flashcards
1
Q
Explain the characteristics of the Central Business District (CBD): (7)
A
- Multi-storey development, with vertical growth rather than horizontal due to lack of space. (1)
- Land of high value. (1)
- Concentrated retail and office space. (1)
- Pedestrianisation for high footfall. (1)
- Convergence of public transport. (1)
- Traffic restrictions for private vehicles. (1)
- Low residential population. (1)
2
Q
Explain the characteristics of residential areas: (5)
A
- Emergence of segregated residential zones based on wealth, ethnicity, choice or government policy. (1)
- Semi and detached housing with gardens. (1)
- Tree-lined avenues and cul-de-sacs. (1)
- Smaller retail premises. )(1)
- Cost of land decreases but the size of the property increases with the distance. (1)
3
Q
Explain the characteristics of industrial areas: (5)
A
- Older, compact, terraced ‘worker’ housing to support a growing population density. (1)
- Surrounded by older industrial areas. (1)
- Areas are centred around transport links and access for manufacturing. (1)
- Available land increased with distance, so cost reduces. (1)
- Residential land is in direct competition with commercial usage. (1)
4
Q
Explain the characteristics of rural-urban fringe: (4)
A
- Countryside is eroded through the urban spread/sprawl. (1)
Housing is clustered into estates, which increases ‘spot’ density. (1)
- Some industrial land uses. (1)
- Accessibility is best. (1)
5
Q
Explain the land use zoning in LICs: (4)
A
- The rich generally live close to the city centre whereas the very poor are likely to be found in rural areas. (1)
- High quality land is occupied by the wealthy. (1)
- Segregation by wealth, race and ethnicity is evident. (1)
- Manufacturing is scattered throughout the city. (1)
6
Q
Explain changes that happen to the CBD: (5)
A
- Pedestrian zones - known as car-free zones and are areas for pedestrians only. Traffic is severely restricted or banned and its aim is to provide a safe, accessible area for pedestrians to improve the volume of people for businesses. (1)
- Shopping centres/malls - centralising businesses for people is convenient and increases spending. Almost all centres include car parks with a variety of stores and activities - food, clothing, cinemas, games, jewellers and more. They are beneficial to both shoppers and businesses; costs are cut for maintenance and advertising and there is a ready-made clientele from other businesses. (1)
- Leisure - traditional urban leisure activities such as parks, museums, theatres, private clubs, opera houses etc now stand alongside multi-plex cinemas, IMAX, sports centres, niche marketplaces and cafes, waterfront developments and smart nightspots. (1)
- Brownfield sites - disused shops and offices are converted into desirable residential lofts or trendy places for people to meet or work. (1)
- Safety - many urban areas are now monitored through CCTV, management of traffic during the day or night, pedestrian-only zones or limited parking have all added to the safety of people in urban areas. (1)
7
Q
Explain changes that happen to the inner city: (3)
A
- With deindustrialisation, inner city areas have been viewed as centres of poverty and low-cost housing, waste grounds with derelict buildings . (1)
- With the rise in costs of land value, rents, council taxes, and building restrictions; inner cities offer a way for businesses to expand and for governments to attract people back into the urban area. (1)
- Redevelopments have allowed the CBD to spread and cleared cheap, high-rise blocks of flats to help with the pressures of urban growth. (1)
8
Q
Explain the changes that happen along the urban fringe: (6)
A
- Retail parks - large sphere of influence due to being easily accessible, ample free parking, concentration of businesses in one place, longer opening hours, large choice of goods. (1)
- Industrial estates - space for expansion, purpose-built road networks, cheaper land, sited away from housing. (1)
- Business parks - space is created for a nicer working environment, easier access and commute for workers. The area is specifically created for office space and includes a conference hotel. (1)
- Science parks - purpose-built to encourage research and development (R&D), high-tech industries and other quaternary activities, close to a university and transport networks (including airports) to allow for knowledge transfer. (1)
- Airports - increase in air traffic and low-cost carriers, but also airports feed into businesses on the fringe through imports and exports but also knowledge with speakers and investors having easy access to businesses. (1)
- Motorways and ring roads - feed into ease of access for residents, workers, lorries, buses, cars etc. (1)
9
Q
Explain the effects of an urban sprawl: (4)
A
- Loss of farmland to build new homes. (1)
- Loss of traditional ‘green spaces’ - school fields, parks etc are being built on. (1)
- Impact on ecosystems - natural and built
(removal of trees increases pollution levels etc.) (1) - Creates impermeable surfaces and surface run-off. (1)
10
Q
Explain the problems of urban areas: (5)
A
- Pollution (1)
- Inequality (1)
- Housing issues (1)
- Traffic congestion. (1)
- Conflicts over land use change. (1)
11
Q
Explain the causes of the following problems in urban areas: (5)
- Pollution (1)
- Inequality (1)
- Housing issues (1)
- Traffic congestion (1)
- Conflicts over land use change (1)
A
- Pollution: Caused from industrial activities and greenhouse gases are emitted from factories. (1)
- Inequality: The wealthy can afford to live in the desirable area, with the poor being located at the fringes of the inner city, edge of town estates or high-rise flats. (1)
- Housing issues: Housing is expensive in relation to general wages, with many families sharing one house or just a room. (1)
- Traffic congestion: Due to the high growth in population, more people need cars. (1)
- Conflicts over land use change: Factors which affect land use change include location and site, housing development policies, industrialisation, transportation routes, trade and commerce, play grounds and entertainment facilities , government policies. (1)
12
Q
Explain solutions to problems in urban areas: (8)
A
- Reduce the reliance on fossil fuels through the use of renewable. (1)
- Energy efficient goods in public buildings, homes, offices and shops. (1)
- Use public rather than private transport to reduce pollution. (1)
- Provide green spaces (greening the city) for families to use. (1)
- Recycle water to conserve supplies. (1)
- Conserve cultural/historical buildings and environmental sites for future generations. (1)
- Minimise the use of greenfield sites and use brownfield sites instead. (1)
- Involve local communities and provide a range of employment. (1)
13
Q
Define the term urban land use: (1)
A
Activities such as industry, housing and commerce that may be found in towns and cities. (1)
14
Q
Define the term bid rent: (1)
A
When land value and rent decrease as distance from the central business district increases. (1)
15
Q
Define the term central business district: (1)
A
An area of urban settlement where most of the commercial activity takes place. (1)
