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positioning 1 > Ch. 11 F.B., Nasal, and Orbits > Flashcards

Ch. 11 F.B., Nasal, and Orbits Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 14 facial bones

A
  • 2 maxillae (maxillary bones)
  • 2 zygomatic bones
  • 2 lacrimal bones
  • 2 nasal bones
  • 2 inferior nasal conchae
  • 2 palatine bones
  • vomer
  • mandible
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1
Q

which of the facial bones are located internally and not visible on a dry skeleton from the exterior

A

two palatine bones and the vomer

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2
Q

largest immovable bones of the face

A

maxillae/maxillary bones

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3
Q

the only facial bone larger than the maxillae

A

mandible - movable

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4
Q

structurally the most important bones of the upper face; all other bones of the upper facial area are closely associated with these bones

A

maxillary bones/maxillae

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5
Q

the right and left maxillary bones are solidly united at the midline below what

A

nasal septum

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6
Q

each maxilla assists in the formation of these 3 cavities of the face

A
  • mouth
  • nasal cavity
  • one orbit
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7
Q

what does each maxilla consists of

A

a body and 4 processes projecting from the body

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8
Q

centrally located portion of the maxilla that lies lateral to the nose

A

body

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9
Q

process of the maxilla that projects upward along the lateral border of the nose toward the frontal bone

A

frontal process

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10
Q

process of the maxilla that projects laterally to unite with the zygoma

A

zygomatic process

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11
Q

the inferior aspect of the body of each maxilla

A

alveolar process

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12
Q

8 upper teeth occur along the inferior margin of what process

A

each alveolar process of the maxilla

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13
Q

the two maxillae are solidly united in the midline anteriorly, what is at the upper part of this union

A

anterior nasal spine

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14
Q

a blow to the nose sometimes results in separation of this from the maxillae

A

nasal spine

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15
Q

a point at the superior aspect of the anterior nasal spine

A

acanthion

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16
Q

the body of each maxillary bone contains a large, air-filled cavity known as what

A

maxillary sinus

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17
Q

several air-filled cavities are found in certain bones of the skull, these sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity and are collectively called what

A

paranasal sinuses

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18
Q

process of each maxillary bone that can only be demonstrated on an inferior view of the two maxillae

A

palatine process

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19
Q

these form the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

A

two palatine processes

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20
Q

what do the 2 palatine processes of the maxillae form

A

hard/bony palate

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21
Q

the two palatine processes are solidly united at the midline to form what type of joint

A

synarthrodial (immovable) joint

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22
Q

common congenital defect - an opening between the palatine processes that is caused by incomplete joining of the two bones

A

cleft palate

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23
Q

the horizontal portion of what two other facial bones forms the posterior part of the hard palate

A

palatine bones

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24
Q

these two small inferior portions of the sphenoid bone of the cranium are also seen on the inferior view of the hard palate; similar to feet of the outstretched legs of a bat

A

pterygoid hamuli

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25
Q

what bones does each maxilla articulate with

A

2 cranial bones
- frontal
- ethmoid
7 facial bones
- zygoma
- lacrimal
- nasal
- palatine
- inferior nasal concha
- vomer
- adjacent maxilla

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26
Q

located lateral to the zygomatic process of each maxilla

A

zygoma

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27
Q

these bones form the prominences of the cheeks and make up the lower outer portion of the orbits

A

zygomatic bones (malar bones)

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28
Q

projecting posteriorly from the zygoma is a slender process that connects with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form this

A

zygomatic arch

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29
Q

a delicate structure that sometimes is fractured or “caved in” by a blow to the cheek

A

zygomatic arch

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30
Q

what is the anterior end/ portion of the zygomatic arch formed by

A

zygoma

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31
Q

what is the posterior end/portion of the zygomatic arch formed by

A

zygomatic process of the temporal bone

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32
Q

positioning landmark; prominent portion of the zygoma

A

zygomatic prominence

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33
Q

what does each zygoma articulate with

A

3 cranial bones
- frontal
- sphenoid
- temporal
1 facial bone
- maxilla

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34
Q

thinnest and most fragile bones in the entire body

A

lacrimal and nasal bones

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35
Q

two bones, about the size and shape of fingernails, that lie anteriorly on the medial side of each orbit just posterior to the frontal process of the maxillae; closely associated with the tear ducts

A

lacrimal bones

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36
Q

form the bridge of the nose and are variable in size

A

two fused nasal bones

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37
Q

these bones lie anterior and superomedial to the frontal process of the maxillae and inferior to the frontal bone

A

nasal bones

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38
Q

these bones are closely associated with the tear ducts

A

lacrimal bones

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39
Q

point of junction of the two nasal bones with the frontal bone

A

nasion

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40
Q

what does each lacrimal bone articulate with

A

2 cranial bones
- frontal
- ethmoid
2 facial bones
- maxilla
- inferior nasal concha

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41
Q

what does each nasal bone articulate with

A

2 cranial bones
- frontal
- ethmoid
2 facial bones
- maxilla
- adjacent nasal bone

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42
Q

within the nasal cavity are two platelike, curved (scroll-shaped) facial bones called what

A

inferior nasal conchae (turbinates)

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43
Q

these two bones project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity on each side and extend medially

A

inferior nasal conchae (turbinates)

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44
Q

how many nasal conchae are there

A

3 pairs
- superior and middle (ethmoid bone)
- inferior (facial bone)

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45
Q

the effect of these is to divide the nasal cavities into compartments; these irregular compartments break up or mix the flow of air coming into the nasal cavities before it reaches the lungs

A

3 pairs of nasal conchae

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46
Q

incoming air is warmed and cleaned as it comes in contact with these

A

mucous membrane covering conchae

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47
Q

these structures of the ethmoid bone help to separate the cranium from the facial bone mass

A
  • cribriform plate
  • crista galli
48
Q

each of these bones is roughly L-shaped and they are located internally and not visible from the outside

A

palatine bones

49
Q

the vertical portion of the palatine bone extends upward between what

A

one maxilla and one pterygoid plate of the sphenoid

50
Q

the horizontal portion of the palatine bone helps to make up what

A

posterior portion of the hard palate

51
Q

the most superior small tip of the palatine can be seen where

A

posterior aspect of the orbit

52
Q

what does each inferior nasal concha articulate with

A

1 cranial bone
- ethmoid
3 facial bones
- maxilla
- lacrimal
- palatine

53
Q

what does each palatine bone articulate with

A

2 cranial bones
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
4 facial bones
- maxilla
- inferior nasal concha
- vomer
- adjacent palatine

54
Q

these two bones form the bony nasal septum

A
  • ethmoid
  • vomer
55
Q

the nasal septum is formed superiorly by what bone

A

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

56
Q

the nasal septum is formed inferiorly by what bone

A

vomer bone

57
Q

what is the nasal septum formed anteriorly by

A

septal cartilage

58
Q

thin, triangular bone that forms that inferoposterior part of the nasal septum

A

vomer

59
Q

describes the clinical condition wherein the nasal septum is deflected or displaced laterally from the midline of the nose

A

deviated nasal septum

60
Q

the surface of which bone is marked by small, furrowlike depressions for blood vessels, a source of nose bleed with trauma to the nasal area

A

vomer

61
Q

where does deviation of the nasal septum usually specifically occur

A

junction between septal cartilage and the vomer

62
Q

largest facial bone and only movable bone in the adult skull

A

mandible

63
Q

the mandible originates from 2 separate bones the two bones in the infant join to become one at what age

A

approx. 1 year

64
Q

this divides each half of the mandible into two main parts

A

angle (gonion)

65
Q

area of the mandible anterior to the angle

A

body

66
Q

area of the mandible superior to the angle

A

ramus

67
Q

extends along the entire superior portion of the body of the mandible

A

alveolar process

68
Q

the anterior aspect of the adult mandible is best seen from this view

A

frontal view

69
Q

the single body of the mandible forms from each lateral half and unites at the anterior midline; what is the union of the mandible called

A

symphysis pf mandible (symphysis menti)

70
Q

flat triangular area below the symphysis, marked by two knob-like protuberances that project forward

A

mental protuberance

71
Q

what is the center of the mental protuberance described as

A

mental point

72
Q

located on each half of the body of the mandible - serves as passageways for the mental artery and vein and mental nerve (branch of inferior alveolar nerve) that innervates the lower lip and chin

A

mental foramen

73
Q

the upper portion of each ramus terminates in a U-shaped notch called what

A

mandibular notch

73
Q

the process at the anterior end of the mandibular notch is called what

A

coronoid process

74
Q

process that lies just inferior to the zygomatic arch and serves as a site for muscle attachment

A

coronoid process

75
Q

posterior process of the upper ramus

A

condyloid process

76
Q

the condyloid process of the upper ramus consists of two parts , what is the round end of the condyloid process

A

condyle/head

77
Q

constricted area directly below the condyle of the upper ramus

A

neck

78
Q

the condyle of the condyloid process fits into what

A

TM fossa of the temporal bone (forms TMJ)

79
Q

the horseshoe shape of the mandible is well visualized on what projection

A

submentovertical (SMV)

80
Q

what way do the coronoid processes of the mandible project on the SMV projection

A

lateral

81
Q

what way do the condyles project of the mandible on an SMV projection

A

medial

82
Q

the only movable joint in the skull

A

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

83
Q

where is the TMJ located in relation to the EAM

A

just anterior and slightly superior

84
Q

what type of joint is the TMJ

A

synovial (bicondylar) (plae;gliding)

85
Q

what type of joints are the teeth with the mandible and maxillae

A

fibrous (gomphosis)

86
Q

how is each orbit shaped

A

cone-shaped

87
Q

the rim of the orbit, which corresponds to the outer circular portion of the cone called

A

base

88
Q

what is the posterior portion of the cone of the orbit called

A

apex

89
Q

what does the apex of the orbit correspond to; which the optic nerve passes

A

optic foramen

90
Q

how does the long axis of the orbit project

A

upward and toward midline

91
Q

with the OML parallel to the floor, how does each orbit project specifically

A

superiorly 30 degrees and medially 37 degrees

92
Q

to radiograph either optic foramen how does a patient need to be positioned

A

extend chin 30 degrees and rotate head 37 degrees

93
Q

how many bones is each orbit composed of

A

7 bones:
3 cranial
- frontal
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
4 facial bones
- maxilla
- zygoma
- lacrimal
- palatine

94
Q

what bones is the circumference/circular base of each orbit made up of

A
  • frontal bone (orbital plate)
  • maxilla (facial bone)
  • zygoma (facial bone)
95
Q

forms most of the roof of the orbit

A

orbital plate of the frontal bone

96
Q

forms much of the lateral wall and some of the floor of the orbit

A

zygoma

97
Q

a portion of this helps form the floor of the orbit

A

maxilla

98
Q

a portion of the medial wall of the orbit is formed by this thin bone

A

lacrimal

99
Q

these make up most of the posterior orbit

A

sphenoid and ethmoid

100
Q

only a small bit of this bone contributes to the innermost posterior portion of the floor of each orbit

A

palatine

101
Q

small hole in the sphenoid bone that is located posteriorly at the apex of the cone-shaped orbit; allows passage of the optic nerve (CN II) - continuation of the retina

A

optic foramen

102
Q

cleft or opening between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, located lateral to the optic foramen; allows transmission of 4 primary cranial nerves (CN III to CN VI) - control movement eye and eyelid

A

superior orbital fissure

103
Q

opening between the maxilla, zygomatic bone, and greater wing of the sphenoid; allows transmission of the maxillary branch of CNV - permits entry of sensory innervation for the cheek, nose, upper lip, and teeth

A

inferior orbital fissure

104
Q

small root of bone that separates the superior orbital fissure from the optic canal

A

sphenoid strut

105
Q

small canal into which the optic foramen opens

A

optic canal

106
Q

any abnormal enlargement of the optic nerve could cause erosion of this, which is actually a portion of the lateral wall of the optic canal

A

sphenoid strut

107
Q

for the parietoacanthial (waters) projection, the CR is parallel with this

A

MML

108
Q

in the parietoacanthial (Waters) projection, where are the petrous ridges demonstrated

A

below the maxillae and maxillary sinuses

109
Q

where is CR according to Bontrager for lateral facial bones

A

zygoma (midway between outer canthus and EAM)

110
Q

how do you position the modified parietoacanthial projection

A

LML perp to IR (OML forms 55 degree angel with IR)

111
Q

how do you position for PA axial (caldwell)

A

OML perp to IR, CR angled 15 degrees caudad and exit nasion

112
Q

how do you position for the parietoacanthial (waters)

A

MML perp to IR (OML forms 37 degree angle with IR)

113
Q

what is CR according to Bontrager for lateral nasal bones

A

1/2” inferior to nasion

114
Q

what is CR for superoinferior tangential (axial) of nasal bones

A

IR perp to GAL, CR to nasion and angle so CR is parallel with GAL (CR skims glabella and anterior upper teeth)

115
Q

what is CR according to Bontrager for submentovertical (SMV) for zygomatic arches

A

IOML parallel with IR, CR at level 1.5” inferior to mandibular symphysis (CR perp to IOML)

116
Q

what should the angle between the MSP and plane of IR measure for parieto-orbital oblique projection (Rhese)

A

53 degrees

positioning 1 (52 decks)

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