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AP Biology > Unit Two: Evolution > Flashcards

Unit Two: Evolution Flashcards

0
Q

Theory of Acquired Characteristics

A

Lamarck says a species adapts to their environment and those traits are passed down

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1
Q

Catastrophism

A

Cuvier says catastrophes caused evolution

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2
Q

Theory of Evolution by Means of Natural Selection was discovered by whom?

A

Darwin

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3
Q

How did Lyell influence Darwin?

A

Evidence that the earth is very old

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4
Q

How did Malthus influence Darwin?

A

Shortage of resources leads to a struggle for survival

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5
Q

How did Wallace influence Darwin?

A

Proposed similar ideas, so Darwin published “On Origin of Species” in 1859

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6
Q

What influenced Darwin on his theory of natural selection?

A

Lyell
Malthus
Wallace
Artificial Selection

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7
Q

What is required for natural selection?

A

Variation
Struggle for survival
Survival of the fittest pass genes to their offspring
Adaptation

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8
Q

Macro evolution

A

Descent with modification from common ancestry

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9
Q

What is evidence of macro evolution?

A 
Fossil recording
Molecular record (genetics)
Homology
Embryology 
Vestigial structures
Parallel adaptation 
Biogeography (adaptions to their environment)
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10
Q

Homologous structure

A

Structures with different functions, but similar structures

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11
Q

Analogous structure

A

Structures with different structures, but similar functions

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12
Q

Vestigial structure

A

Structure with no function today, but had a function in the past

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13
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

Rapid change followed by long periods of stability

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14
Q

Gradualism

A

Constant gradual change

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15
Q

Micro evolution

A

Changes in allele frequencies over time within a population

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16
Q

How does micro evolution relate to macro evolution?

A

Micro evolution leads to macro evolution.

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17
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

Measures allele and genotype frequencies

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18
Q

Allele frequencies equation

A

p+q=1

19
Q

Genotype frequencies equation

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

20
Q

Dominate allele variable

A

P

21
Q

Recessive allele variable

A

Q

22
Q

Homozygous dominant allele variable

A

p^2

23
Q

Heterozygous genotype variable

A

2pq

24
Q

Homozygous recessive genotype variable

A

q^2

25
Q

What conditions need to met for a population to be in H-W equilibrium?

A 
No mutation
No genetic drift
No non-random mating
No natural selection
No artificial selection
26
Q

Genetic drift

A

Due to chance or events in a population

27
Q

Founder effect

A

Rare alleles enhanced a small population or chance of events

28
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

Maintenance of genetic variation

29
Q

Directional selection

A

Favors one extreme

30
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Favors two extremes

31
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Favors the average

32
Q

Species

A

Organisms that can produce fertile offspring

33
Q

Niche

A

An organisms role in its environment

34
Q

Intergrade

A

Results from two subspecies breeding

35
Q

Hybrid

A

Results from two species breeding

36
Q

Race

A

Intermediate stages in evolution

37
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of a new species

38
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Two groups separated by a barrier (more common)

39
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Two groups share a homeland

40
Q

Pre-zygotic mechanisms

A 
Habitat isolation
Temporal isolation
Behavioral isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gamete isolation (prevention of gamete fusion)
41
Q

Post-zygotic mechanisms

A

Zygote morality
Hybrid sterility
F2 fitness (hybrid is fertile but has reduced fitness)

42
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Species evolve to two new species over time

43
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Two species evolve to one species over time

44
Q

Parallel evolution

A

Two species evolve parallel to one another over time

AP Biology (7 decks)

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