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AP Biology > Unit Six/Eight: Metabolism And Energy And Immunity > Flashcards

Unit Six/Eight: Metabolism And Energy And Immunity Flashcards

0
Q

Conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another

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1
Q

What are the forms and types of energy?

A

Potential or stored energy

Kinetic or energy in motion

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2
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Every energy transformation makes the universe less organized and more disordered

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3
Q

Heat

A

The energy if random molecular movement in which half of energy is lost as

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4
Q

Entropy

A

Used to indicate the relative amount of disorganization

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5
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions that occur in a cell. They can be divided into catabolism and anabolism

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6
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down reactions

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7
Q

Anabolism

A

Building reactions

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8
Q

Free energy

A

(G) the amount of energy available or still free to do the work

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9
Q

How is the change in free energy calculated?

A

By subtracting the free energy content of the reactants from that of the products

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10
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

(- change G)?energy released, occurs spontaneously

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11
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

(+ change G) products have more free energy than the reactants with an input of energy

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12
Q

Coupled reactions

A

Exergonic reactions is used to drive endergonic reactions

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13
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy that must be added to cause molecules to react with one another

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14
Q

What lowers activation energy?

A

Catalysts

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15
Q

Structure of an enzyme

A

Protein molecules that put stress on chemical bonds, lower activation energy required to speed up chemical reactions

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16
Q

Active site

A

Globular proteins that have a depression

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17
Q

Substrate

A

Molecule an enzyme acts on

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18
Q

What factors effect enzyme activity?

A

Temperature, ph, substrate concentration,enzyme concentration

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19
Q

Temperature affecting enzymes

A

Too cold creates a rigid bond with no induced fit and too jot denatures an enzyme when the peptide bond fails

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20
Q

Ph affecting an enzyme

A

Too extreme denatures an enzyme

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21
Q

Substrate concentration affecting an enzyme

A

Reaction rate will level off as substrate is available

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22
Q

Enzyme concentration affecting an enzyme

A

Reaction rate increases until all enzyme is used

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23
Q

No competitive inhibition

A

Binding of a inhibitor at a site outside of the active site changes the shape of the enzyme (allosteric change) so that substrate can’t bind to the enzyme. Product inhibits enzyme which creates it

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24
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Binding of an inhibitor at the enzymes active site which inhibits the reaction with the substance

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25
Q

Activation

A

Binding of an activator at the site outside of the active site enables binding of substrate to the active site, activating the reaction

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26
Q

Coenzymes

A

Pass electrons from active site to active site In redox rxns, such as NAD+ to NADH in cell respiration or NADP+ to NADP in photosynthesis

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27
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

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28
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons

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29
Q

What is ATP used for?

A

Chemical, transport, and mechanical work

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30
Q

How is ATP created and what is its structure?

A

Using ADP by adding a phosphate group through hydrolysis so the structure is adenosine and three phosphate to allow it to carry and be able to release as much energy by high energy electrons passed down a series or carriers

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31
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

The synthesis of ATP by reactions in which ADP is used

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32
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient

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33
Q

Digestion

A

Ingests food
Digests food
Absorbs molecules
Eliminates waste

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34
Q

Incomplete digestion

A

One opening for taking in food and eliminating waste (extra cellular and intracellular)

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35
Q

Extracellular

A

Digestion by enzymes in the digestive tract

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36
Q

Intracellular

A

Occurs in cells lining the digestive tract

37
Q

Complete digestion

A

Two openings, mouth and anus, and all is extra cellular

38
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Breaks down food by enzymes and hydrochloric acid

39
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Breaks down food by teeth and by churning of stomach and small intestine

40
Q

Pathway of food

A

Mouth (chews food and digests starch)
Pharynx
Esophagus (moves by peristalsis)
Stomach (stores food and acidity kills some bacteria and digests proteins)
Small intestine (digests foods and absorbs nutrients)
Large intestine (absorbs water)
Anus (releases waste)

41
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A

Pancreas, liver, gallbladder

42
Q

Pancreas exocrine gland

A

Releases digestive enzyme and sodium bicarbonate into the small intestine

43
Q

Pancreas endocrine gland

A

Releases hormones into the blood stream to regulate blood sugar

44
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile

45
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores it

46
Q

Maximum surface area related to the structure of the small intestine

A

Creates faster adsorption

47
Q

Structure of a virus

A

DNA/RNA surrounded by a capsid protein coat

48
Q

Virus and a host

A

A virus injects a host cell and replicates itself

49
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Viral DNA or RNA is injected into the host cell where it directs the synthesis of more of the viral genome and more viral capsids which are then assembled inside the host cell. The cell to rupture releasing the newly produced viruses.

50
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Viral DNA is integrated into the host cell DNA and may be carried for years or may switch to the lyric cycle. While latent the viral DNA is called prophase

51
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that infects bacteria

52
Q

Viroids

A

Naked strands of RNA that cause crop disease

53
Q

Prions

A

Newly discovered disease agents that vary from viruses and bacteria

54
Q

Structure of a prokaryotic cell

A

Cell wall, DNA and RNA and some have flagella

55
Q

How is a bacterial cell wall different from other cell walls?

A

It has peptioglycan

56
Q

How do prokaryotes produce?

A

Binary fusion

57
Q

Conjugation

A

Genes transform from one bacteria to another by sex pili

58
Q

Transduction

A

Genes are transferred between bacteria by a bacteriophage

59
Q

Transformation

A

Genes are taken up from the surrounding environment

60
Q

What are some archaea?

A

Methogens
Halophiles
Acidophiles
Thermophiles

61
Q

Archaea

A

Occur in extreme conditions and are prokaryotes

62
Q

Gram positive

A

Cell wall contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan

63
Q

Gram negative

A

Cell wall has only a thin layer of peptidoglycan

64
Q

Modes of nutrition for a prokaryotic cell

A 
Photo autotrophs (use sun and gives off oxygen)
Photo heterotrophs (use light and organic matter)
Chemo autotrophs (carry out chemosynthesis)
Chemo heterotrophs (take in organic matter)
Saptotrophs (decompose organic molecules)
65
Q

Non-specific defense

A

React to anything foreign and to tissue damage. Is the body’s first response and involves no memory of specific pathogens.

66
Q

Specific defense

A

Responds to specific pathogens or antigens and remembers antigen for a future attack

67
Q

Physical barriers

A

Non-specific pathogen, skin, mucous membranes, ciliated membranes

68
Q

Chemical defense

A

Non-specific defense, kills microbes with lysozyme s found in saliva, sweat, and tears and acid like HCL from digestion and skins oil and sweat lowering the ph

69
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Non-specific defense, histamines cause blood vessels to dilate around injury to attract more immune cells , mast cells are white blood cells in connective tissue that release chemical alarms causing dilation to attract phagocytes

70
Q

Phagocytes

A

Kills microbes, non-specific defense

71
Q

Microbes

A

Type of blood cell

72
Q

Macrophages

A

Big eater that ingest bacteria by end oxytocin, phagocytes

73
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytes, ingest bacteria and then release bleach like substance to kill pathogen and themselves

74
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Kill abnormal cells by puncturing the membrane to kill microbes and cause cancer

75
Q

Major histocompatibility complex

A

Glycoprotein marker that identifies self from non-self by MAC killing non-self microbes, amplifying other responses, macrophages send signal to hypothalamus increasing temperature causing increase in phagocytosis and inhibits microbe growth

76
Q

Lymphocytes

A

White blood cells involved in the body’s specific immune response (T and B cells)

77
Q

Cell mediated response

A

Macrophage binds to antigen and presents it to a T cell with the matching antigen receptor to be copied thousands of times to create helper, killer/cytotoxic, and memory t cells

78
Q

Helper T-cells

A

Initiate immune response by releasing chemicals that stimulate phagocytosis and promote clonal expansion of T and B cells

79
Q

Killer/cytotoxic T-cells

A

Puncture infected body cells and insert performing to lysis

80
Q

Memory T-cells

A

Remain in blood stream for future immunity

81
Q

Humoral response

A

Long range defense initiated by T-cells
B cell with the appropriate antigen receptor binds to antigen stimulates proliferation and clones itself resulting in plasma and memory B cells

82
Q

Plasma cells

A

B cells that produce antibodies to fight infection

83
Q

Memory B cells

A

Cells that remain in the body for future immunity . They will quickly produce plasma cells in the body if infected by the same pathogen again

84
Q

Antibody

A

Specific antigen binding site in 2 arms of the Y to fight an infection

85
Q

Clonal expansion

A

Copied many times to aid specific defense

86
Q

Primary immunity

A

First time infected several days for B cells to proliferate

87
Q

Secondary immunity

A

Memory cells react to the antigen faster the second time the infection occurs

88
Q

Active immunity

A

Persons own immune system (naturally or artificially induced)

89
Q

Passive immunity

A

Temporary immunity not involving individuals own immune system (common in babies)

90
Q

Vaccines

A

Triggers the production of antibodies, Jenner used cowpox for small pics and Pasteur weakened cholera in chickens

91
Q

Disorders of the immune system

A

Aids or HIV
Allergies
Auto-immune diseases (immune system turns on self)

AP Biology (7 decks)

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