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AP Biology > Unit 9 > Flashcards

Unit 9 Flashcards

0
Q

Saclike body found in…

A

Jellyfish and flatworms

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1
Q

No circulatory system

A

Saclike body in which cells exchange materials

Fluid in coelom transports material

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2
Q

Fluid in coelom

A

Round worms and starfish

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3
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Heart pumps hemolymph via vessels into tissue spaces

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4
Q

Open circulatory system found in…

A

Molluses and Arthropods

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5
Q

Closed Circulatory system

A

Blood pumped by the heart into a system of blood vessels

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6
Q

Closed circulatory system found in…

A

Segmented worms, some molluses, chordates, and all vertebrates

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7
Q

Closed circulatory system aka

A

Cardiovascular system

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8
Q

Parts of the heart

A

Atria and ventricles

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9
Q

Atria

A

Receives blood

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10
Q

Ventricles

A

Pumps blood from heart to vessels

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11
Q

Vessels

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

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12
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart and muscles

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13
Q

Arterioles

A

Smaller artery that can constrict or dilate to regulate temperature

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14
Q

Capillaries

A

Very thin to allow for exchange of materials with tissues

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15
Q

Venules

A

Small capillaries that can constrict or dilate to regulate temperature

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16
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to the heart, less muscle so when empty will collapse

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17
Q

What is larger to minimize resistance veins or arteries?

A

Veins

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18
Q

Why do veins have one way valves?

A

To prevent back flow

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19
Q

Capillary exchange

A

Oxygen and nutrients exit a capillary near the arterial end and carbon dioxide and waste molecules enter a capillary near the venous end

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20
Q

Fish circulatory pathways

A

Single loop circulations from heart to gills to the body with a single atrium and single ventricle

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21
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Heart to body and then back to the heart

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22
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Heart to lungs and back to the heart forever

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23
Q

Amphibians circulatory pathways

A

Two atria with a single ventricle and mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood results

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24
Q

Reptiles, mammals, birds circulatory pathways

A

Heart divided by septum into separate sides for more efficiency

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25
Q

Blood composition

A

Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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26
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of the blood, water with dissolved molecules, such as nutrients, wastes, salts, and proteins

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27
Q

Red blood cells

A

Predominant cell type in the blood, has hemoglobin to carry oxygen, manufactured in bone marrow (erythrocytes)

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28
Q

White blood cells

A

(Leukocytes) larger and less numerous than red blood cells (1:1000 ratio) used immensely

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29
Q

Platelets

A

(Thrombocytes) cell fragments that help form blood clots

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30
Q

Blood pressure

A

The beat of the heart supplies pressure that keeps blood moving in the arteries and the skeletal muscle contraction helps push blood in the veins toward the heart

31
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Pressure of blood pushing out on the walls of arteries during ventricular systole

32
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

In arteries when ventricles are at rest

33
Q

Heartbeat

A

Pacemaker generates nerve impulse that causes heart to contract and the contraction delay between atria and ventricles exists (narrow neurons) this delay is functional

34
Q

Cardiovascular disorders

A

Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Heart attack

35
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

36
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Cumulation of fatty materials in inner linings of arteries

37
Q

Heart Attack

A

Myocardial infraction or death of heart tissue where the coronary artery becomes partially blocked

38
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

Lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs with a one way open circulatory system the fluid moved through lymphatic capillaries by skeletal muscle contraction

39
Q

Three main homeostatic functions of the lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic capillaries take up and return excess fluid to the bloodstream
Lacteals receive lipoproteins and transport them to the bloodstream
Helps defend the body against disease

40
Q

Spleen

A

Filters blood, if ruptures, releases impurities

41
Q

Edema

A

Localized swelling due to accumulation of tissue fluid from lack of movement

42
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Edema occurs then lymph flows one way from a capillary to ever-larger lymphatic vessels which drain into blood vessels in the neck and before entering back into the blood it is filtered by lymph nodes, which enlarge when sick and then enters the spleen

43
Q

Lymph

A

Lymphatic fluid

44
Q

Respiration

A

Exchange of gases between body cells and the environment (uptake of oxygen and disposal of a carbon dioxide)

45
Q

3 steps of the respiratory system in terrestrial vertebrates

A

Ventilation
External respiration
Internal respiration

46
Q

Ventilation

A

Breathing=inspiration and entrance of air into the lungs and expiration exit of air from lungs

47
Q

External respiration

A

Gas exchange between air and blood in lungs, the blood transports oxygen from lungs to body tissues

48
Q

Internal respiration

A

Gas exchange between blood and cells, blood transports carbon dioxide to lungs

49
Q

Gas exchange takes place by…

A

Diffusion

50
Q

For a gas exchange the surface must be…

A

Moist
Thin
Large in relationship to animal size

51
Q

Respiratory system in aquatic invertebrates

A

Gastrovascular cavity. All cells are in contact with outside or with GV cavity for gas exchange (large surface area)

52
Q

Respiratory system of aquatic vertebrates (fish)

A

Gill function and countercurrent flow

53
Q

Gill function

A

Made up of layers of tissue called lamellar which increases surface area, while water is constantly moved over the gills either by constant swimming or movement of the gill cover

54
Q

Operculum

A

Gill cover

55
Q

Countercurrent flow

A

Blood moves across lamella in opposite direction of water, which maintains an oxygen gradient between the water and the blood so that oxygen will diffuse from water into blood over the entire lamella surface (85% efficient)

56
Q

Terrestrial invertebrates respiratory system

A

Integumentary exchange or tracheal system

57
Q

Tracheae

A

Branching tubes used in the respiratory system of invertebrates

58
Q

Integumentary exchange

A

More primitive than the tracheal system and respiration occurs directly through skin

59
Q

Tracheal system

A

Trachea tubes open to outside at spiracles, air sacs emptied by muscle contraction nearby

60
Q

Terrestrial vertebrates respiratory system

A

Lungs
Birds- one way flow mechanism
Other vertebrates- two way tidal flow system

61
Q

One way flow mechanism

A

One way flow of air through the lungs
Gas exchange efficiency is high
Oxygen rich air never mixes with used air

62
Q

Human respiratory system

A

Two way flow involving inhalation,exhalation, and hemoglobin

63
Q

Two way flow

A

Less efficient than one way flow system, but conserves water
Air enters nostrils and mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Air is warmed and filtered in nostrils

64
Q

Alveoli

A

Small air sacs that increase lungs surface area for gas exchange surrounded by capillaries or small blood vessels

65
Q

Inhalation

A

Rib cage moves up and out
Diaphragm contracts and moves down
Pressure in lung decreases, air comes rushing in

66
Q

Exhalation

A

Rib cage moves down and in
Diaphragm relaxes and moves down
Pressure in lungs increases and air is pushed out

67
Q

Hemoglobin

A 
A protein containing heme (iron) groups
Found in red blood cells
Binds to oxygen
Comes through the body
At tissues hemoglobin unloads oxygen and moves down a concentration gradient
68
Q

Bohr effect

A

In areas with higher concentrations of carbon dioxide, hemoglobin changes shape and is more likely to unload its oxygen

69
Q

Removal of carbon dioxide

A

Dissolved in blood (10%)
Combines with hemoglobin and is carried to lungs where it is unloaded and exhaled (30%)
Converted to bio carbonate, carried through blood plasma to lungs (60%)

CO2+H2O H2CO3 (carbonic acid) HCO3- + H+ (bicarbonate)

70
Q

Autonomic Breathing Control

A

Chemoreceptors in medulla detect high carbon dioxide or lowered pH (from H+)
Pons sends nerve impulse to breathing muscles to correct
Chemoreceptors hear aorta detect low O2 in extreme cases (high altitude, lung disease)

71
Q

Respiratory disorders

A

Bronchitis
Emphysema
Asthma

72
Q

Bronchitis

A

Airways are inflamed due to infection (acute) or due to an irritant (chronic) coughing brings up mucus and pus

73
Q

Emphysema

A

Alveoli burst and fuse into enlarged air spacer, surface area for gas exchange is reduced

74
Q

Asthma

A

Airways are inflamed due to irritation and bronchioles construct due to muscle spasms

AP Biology (7 decks)

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