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AP Biology > Unit Three: Ecology > Flashcards

Unit Three: Ecology Flashcards

0
Q

Levels of organization of ecology

A 
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
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1
Q

Ecology

A

The study of the interactions of organisms with each other and with the physical environment

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2
Q

Population density

A

Number of individuals per unit area

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3
Q

Population distribution

A

Pattern of dispersal of individuals across an area of interest

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4
Q

Types of population distribution

A

Clumped
Random (most common)
Uniform

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5
Q

How do we measure population growth?

A

Age at which reproduction begins

How often each individual reproduces

Chances of survival until reproduction

Usual number of offspring per reproductive event

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6
Q

Type one survivorship

A

Humans

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7
Q

Type two surivivorship

A

Birds

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8
Q

Type three survivorship

A

Amphibians

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9
Q

How would a more developed country look compared to a lesser developed country in a age structure diagram?

A

A developed country has slow to no growth and a lesser developed country has rapid growth.

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10
Q

Exponential growth

A

Rapid and curved line

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11
Q

Logistic growth

A

Restricted and s shaped

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12
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Largest number off organisms of a particular species that can be sustained indefinitely by a given environment

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13
Q

Density dependent factors

A

Biotic

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14
Q

Density independent

A

Abiotic

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15
Q

R selection

A

Produce lots of offspring and invest very little in each (bacteria)

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16
Q

K selection

A

Allocate energy to their own growth and survival of their offspring (humans)

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17
Q

Community

A

Assemblage of populations interacting with one another within the same environment

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18
Q

Habitat

A

Place where an organism lives and reproduces

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19
Q

Niche

A

The role it plays in its environment

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20
Q

Generalist species

A

Varied niche

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21
Q

Specialist species

A

Specific niche

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22
Q

Competition

A

Organisms compete for a niche

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23
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Same species compete

24
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Different species compete

25
Q

Predation

A

Predator kills prey for food

26
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism is harmed the other benefits

27
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits and the other is not affected

28
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefits

29
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

No two species can indefinitely occupy the same niche at the same time

30
Q

Prey defense mechanism

A 
Camouflage
Warning coloration 
Mimicry
Odor
Poisonous chemicals
31
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

Lacks the defense of the organism

32
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

Shares the defense of the organism

33
Q

Ecological succession

A

Establishment of a community in a previously uninhabitable area of a community in a distributed area

34
Q

Primary succession

A

Community begins to develop on a site previously unoccupied by living succession

35
Q

Secondary succession

A

When an existing community is disrupted and a new one develops at the site

36
Q

Climax community

A

Final stage of succession

37
Q

Keystone species

A

A species that an ecosystem largely depends on

38
Q

Problems with exotic species

A

Bio magnification
Decrease in biodiversity
Creates an unbalance in the tropic levels

39
Q

Ecosystem

A

Place where organisms interact among themselves and with the physical and chemical environment

40
Q

Tropic levels

A

Tertiary consumers (decomposers)
Secondary consumers
Herbivores
Producers

41
Q

10% rule

A

Only ten percent of energy from one level is available to the next level

42
Q

What is the relationship of biomass, energy, and numbers as you go up a pyramid?

A

They decrease

43
Q

Biological magnification

A

Process by which substances become more concentrated in organisms in the higher tropic levels of a food web

44
Q

How does the distribution of solar radiation affect a climate?

A

Increases the temperature leading to global warming

45
Q

Rain shadow effect

A

Causes little precipitation in that area

46
Q

Carbon cycle

A

An element is drawn from the atmosphere and increase the average temperature of the earths atmosphere and oceans

47
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

Continuous process by which nitrogen circulates in the air, soil, water, and organisms of the biosphere

48
Q

Eutrophication

A

Enrichment of water by inorganic nutrients caused by human acrivities

49
Q

Biodiversity

A

Diversity of organisms and its is important to provide genetic variation

50
Q

Threatened species

A

Species vulnerable to endangerment

51
Q

Endangered species

A

Species vulnerable to extinction

52
Q

How is biodiversity valuable?

A

Used directly for medicine, consumptive, and agriculture
Used indirectly for bio geochemical cycles, waste disposal,provision of fresh water, prevention of soil erosion,climate regulation, and ecotourism

53
Q

What are the major causes of the loss of biodiversity?

A

Habitat loss
Exotic species
Pollution
Over exploitation

54
Q

Keystone species

A

Key species to an ecosystem

55
Q

Flagship species

A

Species people love that raise awareness

56
Q

Source population

A

Breeding group that produces enough offspring

57
Q

Sink population

A

Breeding group that does not produce enough offspring

AP Biology (7 decks)

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