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Question 1

Formal definition of adaption?

Answer 1

A heritable change in allele frequency that changes a genotype which result in a change in phenotype that increase fitness.

Question 2

Thermal performance curve (TPC)?

Answer 2

Species differ in the breadth and location of their TPC, and is adjusted by the phenotypic plasticity.

X axis: body temperature
Y axis: performance.

Question 3

phenotypic plasticity?

Answer 3

A change in phenotype without a change in genotype.

Question 4

Nurture?

Answer 4

How the environment shapes

Question 5

Reaction norm diagram?

Answer 5

X axis: environment
Y axis: trait

It is a linear interpretation, and each line is a genotype.

Question 6

Genotype-by-environment interaction?

Answer 6

When genotypes change differently in the environment.

Question 7

!!!!!!!Plasticity vs adaptation?

Question 8

Acclimation/Acclimatization?

Answer 8

A temporary change in phenotype in response to a change in environment (e.g., seasons).

Question 9

Developmental plasticity?

Answer 9

A longer lasting change in phenotype in response to a change in environment experienced during early development.

Question 10

Transgenerational plasticity?

Answer 10

When environmental conditions experienced by parents impact the phenotype of their offspring. A form of non-genetic inheritance.

Question 11

Epigenetics?

Answer 11

Heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence (e.g., heritability of phenotypic plasticity).

Question 12

Inbred?

Answer 12

Almost Genetically identical.

Question 13

Agouti gene?

Answer 13

Induces fur pigmentation. mRNA is silenced if adding methyl groups, but is continually active without methyl.

Question 14

Epigenetic mechanisms/changes?

Answer 14

•Methylation: sticking a CH group to DNA.
•Histone modification: change
•Micro-RNAs (non-coding RNAs): interact with DNA and alter transcription.

Question 15

When a DNA is super coiled, it is difficult to?

Answer 15

Transcribe.

Question 16

DNA methylation and histones change?

Answer 16

The packing of DNA which change transcription.

Question 17

Can epigenetic modification alter which genes are turned on or off?

Answer 17

Yes since they affect DNA packing.

Question 18

Polar bear life cycle?

Answer 18

•Spring: polar bears mate on sea ice
•Throughout spring and summe,r they forage
•Implantation of fertilized eggs is delayed until fall.
•Only occurs if the female is in goo health
•Fall - females den on land
•offspring is born in the winter where there is no food. The mother does not eat during this period (4-8 months). That is where the pups feed on the mother’s milk.

Question 19

Polar bears eat during?

Answer 19

The spring and summer. They eat ringed seals, but also walrus, bowhead whales, narwhal, and some terrestrial foods.

Question 20

Polar bears have higher/equal/lower metabolic rate compared to other bears?

Answer 20

Higher

Question 21

Adaptation of polar bears that have high energy requirement?

Answer 21

long digestive tract to extract as much food as possible

Question 22

Carnivores have complex/simple digestive tracts?

Answer 22

Simple, but a long one can extract more nutrients.