6

Question 1

How does the water that carry nutrients get pulled up the plant initially?

Answer 1

The stomata opens by water begins filling the vacuole, and shaping the stomata to its open state. The solute is increased inside the vacuole and water goes in to balance the gradient while filling.

Question 2

Lateral roots?

Answer 2

They anchor the plant and scout for water and minerals in the soils.

Question 3

Root hairs?

Answer 3

The microscopic hairs on the tools that increase surface area for mineral and water uptake. They contain multiple ion channels and high-affinity ion transporters.

Question 4

Water can go inside the root hair by three different routes? 3•

Answer 4

•Apoplastic route
•symplastic route
•Transmembrane route

Question 5

The symplastic and transmembrane routes end at the?

Answer 5

Vasculature (veins or arteries of the plant). Whatever enters it gets used over the entire cell. Any filter action must occur before they enter their.

Question 6

Apoplastic ends at the?

Answer 6

Endodermis

Question 7

Casparian strip?

Answer 7

Hydrophobic barrier in cell walls of endodermis cells that stop water passage through the apoplastic route and force water to pass through the endodermis cell.

Question 8

How do ions enter the cell through apoplastic?

Answer 8

Ions traveling with water hit the endodermis and the casparian strip stops water flow. The cell determines whether they need filtration. If not, the ions enter either the cortex cell or vasculature cell.

Question 9

For cations to enter the root hair cell, there needs to be a balance of?

Answer 9

Electrical and concentration gradient.

Question 10

The charge of the soil?

Answer 10

Negative

Question 11

Protons in the root cell goes in which direction and how?

Answer 11

They create an electrical gradient by being pumped out of the cell via active transport with ATP to make the extracellular side more positive than the intracellular side.

Question 12

Moving ions against electrochemical gradient requires?

Answer 12

ATP at some point of the process if the concentration gradient is too strong.

Question 13

Does protons move spontaneously outside of the cell?

Answer 13

No, it requires energy.

Question 14

!!!!!!!How does anions enter the cell against their electrochemical gradient?

Answer 14

They attach to a proton to be transported inside the cell with active????? transport

Question 15

Does cations require ATP to be pumped inside a root hair cell?

Answer 15

No, its passive

Question 16

Antiport?

Answer 16

Transporting ions with an ion being transported the opposite direction, useful when removing toxins.

Question 17

Symport?

Answer 17

Transporting ions with a proton

Question 18

The casparian strip determines whether a cation can?

Answer 18

Enter or not enter the cell before the electrochemical gradient.

Question 19

Where do plants store harmful ions? 2•

Answer 19

In the •central vacuole or transport them to the •extracellular media.

Question 20

Tonoplast?

Answer 20

The lipid membrane of the vacuole.

Question 21

How do nasty ions enter the vacuole?

Answer 21

Through secondary active transport for Na+ to enter the cell and H+ to exit. An antiport.

Question 22

Plants can live in certain extreme environments by?

Answer 22

Expressing an antiporter gene for the vacuole.

Question 23

Metallothioneins are cysteine (S-based) proteins with a high affinity for metal. How is it useful for plants?

Answer 23

Metals get trapped in the protein and transported out of the cell.

Question 24

Adaptations that enhance nutrient uptake in roots? 4•

Answer 24

•mutualistic interactions
•Carnivorous plants
•Epiphytes
•Parasitism

Question 25

Bidirectional flow of symbiotic relationships?

Answer 25

Plants get inorganic nutrients but give organic nutrients.

Question 26

Hager process?

Answer 26

H2 and N2 gas are passed over an iron-based catalyst to produce NH3. It requires high pressure and temperature.

Question 27

Carnivorous plants?

Answer 27

They can make their own carbohydrates via photosynthesis but supplement their nitrogen requirement from insects ONLY if there is not enough in the soil.

Question 28

Are carnivorous plants heterotrophs or autotrophs?

Answer 28

Autotrophs since they still make their own carbohydrates through photosynthesis since 96% of plant biomass is from carbon and fixed by photosynthesis.

Question 29

Epiphytes?

Answer 29

Get majority of nutrients from the air (rainwater, dust, and particles).

Question 30

Parasites in plants?

Answer 30

Non-mutualistic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expensive of the other, the host.

Question 31

Some parasitic plants tap into the?

Answer 31

Vascular tissue of their hosts.

Question 32

Apoplastic route?

Answer 32

When water enters the root and flows through extracellular spaces that bypasses the plasma membrane, and the route ends at an endodermis cell stopped by the casparian strip. The cell determines whether the nutrients inside water can be passed to the vasculature or cortex cell, or filtered out.

Question 33

Symplastic route?

Answer 33

Water crosses the plasma membrane once and moves from the cell to cell using plasmodesmata.

Question 34

Transmembrane route?

Answer 34

Water flows from cell to cell by crossing the plasma membrane multiple times using water channels (aquaporins).

Question 35

Cortex cells?

Answer 35

They reside between the epidermis and endodermis cells that consists of ground tissue and stores carbohydrates.

Question 36

Fungi (myccorhizae) mutualistic relationship on plants?

Answer 36

They decompose organic material and supplement inorganic nutrients to the plant while getting organic nutrients as a return.