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19 Flashcards

1
Q

Normal Flora - YEAST

A

(fungi)

Malassezia

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2
Q

Normal Flora - Bacteria

A

Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Diptheroids

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3
Q

Normal Flora

A
  • normally harmless
  • CANNOT be completely removed thru cleansing
  • may produce disease if they penetrate the epidermis or if the immune system is suppressed
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4
Q

Wounds

A
  • trauma to any tissue of the body
  • allows microbes to infect the deeper tissues

ex) cuts, scrapes, surgery, burns, bites

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5
Q

Folliculitis - signs + symptoms

A
  • infection of the hair follicle
  • aka pimple
  • called a STY when it occurs at the eyelid base
  • spread of infection into surrounding tissues can produce furuncles
  • carbuncles occur when multiple furuncles grow together
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6
Q

Sty

A

folliculitis at the eyelid base

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7
Q

furuncles

A
  • boils

- occurs when the infection spreads into surrounding tissues

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8
Q

carbuncles

A

when multiple furuncles grow together

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9
Q

folliculitis and its variations

A

pimple=folliculitis>furuncles>carbuncles

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10
Q

folliculitis is most commonly caused by…

A

staphylococcus

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11
Q

Staphylococcus

A
  • gram pos bacteria
  • facultative anaerobes
  • cocci typically arranged in clusters
  • tolerant of salt + desiccation
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12
Q

2 common types of Staphylococcus found on skin

A

1 Staphylococcus EPIDERMIS
2 Staphylococcus AUREUS

-differ by beta-lactamase production + toxin production

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13
Q

which is more pathogenic? staph. epidermis or staph aureus?

A

Staphylococcus aureus is more pathogenic

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14
Q

staph. epidermis vs staph aureus

Virulence Factors

A

COAGULASE [+ aureus][-epiderm]

B-Lactamase [90% of aureus][-epiderm]

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15
Q

Folliculitis - diagnosis

A

-isolation of gram-pos bacteria in grapelike clusters from PUS

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16
Q

Folliculitis - treatment

A 
1 DICLOXACILLIN (semi synth penicillin) (drug of choice)
2 VANCOMYCIN used to treat resistant strains
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17
Q

Folliculitis - prevention

A
  • hand antisepsis

- proper procedures in hospitals to minimize MRSA infections

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18
Q

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
[SSSS]

pathogen + virulence factors

A
  • some Staph. AUREUS strains

- 1 or 2 different EXFOLIATIVE TOXINS cause SSSS

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19
Q

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
[SSSS]

pathogenesis

A
  • no scarring bc dermis is unaffected

- death is rare but may occur due to secondary inifections

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20
Q

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
[SSSS]

epidemiology

A
  • disease occurs PRIMARILY IN INFANTS

- transmitter by person-to-person spread of bacteria

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21
Q

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
[SSSS]

diagnosis

A

characteristic sloughing of skin

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22
Q

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
[SSSS]

treatment

A
  • administer antimicrobial drugs

- widespread presence of S. aureus makes prevention difficult

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23
Q

what causes the skin to slough off in SSSS?

A

the release of EXFOLIATIVE TOXINS by staph. aureus

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24
Q

Impetigo [Pyoderma] + Erysipelas

pathogens + virulence factors

A
  • most caused by S. AUREUS

- some caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

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25
Streptococcus pyogenes
- gram pos coccus in chains - similar virulence factors to staph. aureus: - -M protein - -hyaluronic acid - -pyrogenic toxins
26
Impetigo [Pyoderma] + Erysipelas pathogenesis
bacteria invade where skin is compromised
27
Impetigo [Pyoderma] + Erysipelas epidemiology
- Impetigo [mostly childten] - Erysipelas [mostly elderly] -transmitted person-to-person contact or via formites
28
Impetigo [Pyoderma] + Erysipelas diagnosis
-presence of vesicles is diagnosis for Impetigo
29
Impetigo [Pyoderma] + Erysipelas treatment
penicillin + careful cleaning of infected areas
30
Impetigo [Pyoderma] + Erysipelas prevention
proper hygiene + cleanliness
31
Necrotizing Fasciitis [flesh eating bacteria] pathogen + virulence factors
- most caused by Strep. pyogenes - Exotoxin A + Streptolysin S are secreted - various enzymes facilitate invasion of tissues
32
Necrotizing Fasciitis (flesh eating bacteria) pathogenesis
Step. pyogenes enters thru breaks in skin
33
Necrotizing Fasciitis (flesh eating bacteria) epidemiology
person-to-person
34
Necrotizing Fasciitis (flesh eating bacteria) diagnosis
-difficult to diagnose early bc symptoms are nonspecific
35
Necrotizing Fasciitis (flesh eating bacteria) treatment
1 clindamycin | 2 Penicillin
36
Acne pathogen + virulence factors
commonly caused by Propionibacterium acnes
37
Acne epidemiology
- propionibacteria are normal bacteria | - typically begins in adolescence but may occur later
38
Acne diagnosis
visual examination of skin
39
Acne treatment
- antimicrobial drugs - drugs that exfoliate dead skin cells - ACCUTANE - BLUE-LIGHT WAVELENGTH to destroy bacteria
40
Propionibacterium acnes
- gram pos - ROD SHAPED diphtheroid - normal flora
41
Pseudomonas pathogen + virulence factors
Pseudomonas aeruginosa -virulence factors: adhesins, toxins, + polysaccharide capsule
42
Pseudomonas pathogenesis
- can occur in burn victims - bacteria kills cells, destroys tissue, + triggers shock - PYOCYANIN discoloration indicates massive infections
43
pyocyanin discoloration
greenish pigment seen in pseudomonas that indicates massive infection
44
Pseudomonas epidemiology
- P. aeruginosa is not normal microbiota | - can cause infections throughout the body once inside
45
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- found in soil, decaying matter, + moist environments - not normal flora - multidrug resistance
46
Pseudomonas diagnosis
- difficult diagnosis | - pyocyanin discoloration
47
Pseudomonas treatment
-difficult to treat due to multidrug resistance
48
Pseudomonas prevention
-p. aeruginosa is widespread but infection usually doesn't occur in healthy individuals
49
Cutaneous Anthrax
- caused by Bacillus anthracis - occurs when anthrax spores get into the skin (cut + scrape) - characterized by ESCHAR - bioterrorism tool (spores in mail)
50
ESCHAR
black, painless, ulcer
51
Gas Gangrene signs + symptoms
- blackening of infected skin + muscle | - presence of gas bubbles
52
Gas Gangrene pathogens + virulence factors
caused by several CLOSTRIDIUM species -C. perfringens -
53
Gas Gangrene pathogenesis + epidimiology
- traumatic even must introduce endospores into dead tissue | - mortality rate exceeds 40%
54
Gas Gangrene diagnosis
appearance
55
Gas Gangrene treatment + prevention
rapid treatment is crucial - surgical removal of dead tissue - administer ANTITOXIN + penicillin - prevents w proper cleaning of wounds
56
Clostridium perfringens
endospore-forming bacteria | -vegetative cells secrete 11 toxins
57
Poxviruses
- smallpox aka VARIOLA rare: orf, cowpox, monkeypox - first human disease eradicated globally
58
Poxviruses signs + symptoms
-diseases progress through a series of stages
59
Poxviruses pathogens + virulence factors
caused by ORTHOPOVIRUS aka VARIOLA virus
60
Poxviruses pathogenesis
inhalation of virus
61
Poxviruses epidemiology
-increase in monkeypox cases over the past decade
62
Poxviruses diagnosis, treatment + prevention
- treatment is immediate vaccination - vaccines discontinued in 80's since eradicated - bioterrorism scare
63
Herpes signs + symptoms
- slow + spreading skin lesions | - recurrence of lesions is common
64
Herpes pathogens + virulence factors
- caused by human herpesviruses 1 + 2 | - virulence factors: various proteins produced
65
Herpes pathogenesis
- painful lesions caused by inflammation + death cell | - causes fusions of cells to form SYNCYTIA
66
Herpes epidemiology
- spread bw mucous membranes of mouth + genitals | - herpes infections in adult are not life threatening
67
Herpes diagnosis
- presence of characteristic lesions | - IMMUNOASSAY reveals presence of viral antigen
68
Herpes | treatment + prevention
chemotherapeutic drugs help control the disease but do not cure it -ACYCLOVIR
69
Chickenpox + Shingles signs + symptoms
[chickenp]characterized by lesions on back + trunk that spreads across the body [shingles]lesions localized to skin along w infected nerve
70
Chickenpox + Shingles pathogen
VARIVELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS [VZV] causes both
71
Chickenpox + Shingles pathogenesis
- infected dermal cells cause rash characteristics of chickenpox - virus becomes latent in nerve ganglia - --reactivation causes shingles
72
Chickenpox + Shingles epidemiology
[chknpx]mostly infants/young kids. more severe in adults | [shingles]risk increases w age
73
Chickenpox + Shingles diagnosis
based on characteristic lesions
74
Chickenpox + Shingles treatment + prevention
- vaccines available against both | - treatment is for relief of symptoms
75
Warts
- benign epithelial growth on skin or mucous membranes - Papillomaviruses cause warts - most are harmless - transmitted via direct contact + formites
76
Papillomavirus
- may cause warts | - some are ONCOGENIC due to ability to integrate into host cell DNA
77
Rubella (german measles)
- mostly infants/young kids; only humans - children develop mild rash - cased by rubella virus - spread via respiratory secretions - diagnosis: rash or serological testing
78
congenital infection of rubella can result in...
- teratogenic birth defects; or | - death of fetus
79
rubella vaccine is aimed for...
preventing rubella in pregnant women
80
Measles [Rubeola] signs + symptoms
KOPLIK'S SPOTS
81
Measles [Rubeola] pathogen + virulence factors
- caused by measles virus | - adhesion + fusion proteins help virus avoid immune recognition
82
Measles [Rubeola] pathogenesis
-immune response to infected cells causes most symptoms
83
Measles [Rubeola] epidemiology
- occurs mostly in infants/young kids; humans only - measles is highly contagious - spread via respiratory droplets
84
Measles [Rubeola] diagnosis
based on signs of measles
85
Measles [Rubeola] treatment + prevention
- no treatments - MMR vaccine has measles immunization - very rare due to vaccination
86
Mycoses
- caused by fungi - most are OPPORTUNISTIC pathogens - mycoses is classified by infection locations
87
Mycoses Class by infection locations
1 SUPERFICIAL 2 SUBCUTANEOUS 3 SYSTEMIC
88
Superficial Mycoses signs + symptoms
- RINGWORM, dermatophytes (fungal agent) growing in upper dead tissue layers of skin - NOT a parasitic worm - white or black PIEDRA - Pityriasis versicolor
89
Piedra
irregular nodules on hair shaft | -white piedra is dandruff
90
Pityriasis versicolor
hypo or hyperpigmented patches of scaly skin
91
Superficial Mycoses pathogens
Piedraia hortae[cause black piedra] Trichosporon beigelii[cause white piedra] Malassezia furfur[cause pityriasis]
92
Superficial Mycoses pathogenesis + epidemiology
- superficial fungi produce KERATINASE | - fungi transmitted via shared hair brushes/combs
93
Superficial Mycoses diagnosis + treatment
piedra: diagnosed by appears; treated by shaving hair pityriasis: ID by green color under UV light; treated w topical or oral drugs

Microbiology (26 decks)

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