Chapter 15 - Innate Immunity

Question 1

innate immunity

Answer 1

aka non specific immunity

• body’s first line of defense
• structures, chem, + processes that work to prevent pathogens that are entering the body

Question 2

structures of innate immunity

Answer 2

• skin

- mucous membrane: respiratory, digestive, urinary, + reproductive sytm

Question 3

chemicals of innate immunity

Answer 3

-natural proteases

Question 4

processes of innate immunity

Answer 4

-phagocytic cells

Question 5

Skin

Answer 5

• has chemical that defend against pathogens
• perspiration
• sebum

Question 6

2 layers of Skin

Answer 6

epidermis: layer of dead skin cells, prevents most pathogens fr getting in
dermis: below epidermis; where most immune cells would be

Question 7

Perspiration

Answer 7

• secreted by sweat glands
• salt inhibits pathogen growth
• antimicrobial peptides
• lysozymes destroy cell wall of bacteria

Question 8

sebum

Answer 8

• secreted by sebaceous (oil) glands
• helps keep skin pliable
• lowers skin pH to an inhibitory level to many bacterias

Question 9

Lysozyme

Answer 9

an enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria, occurring notably in tears and sweat

-breaks cell wall peptidoglycan of GRAM-POS bacteria

Question 10

mucous membrane

Answer 10

-line all the body cavities open to the environment

Question 11

2 layers of the mucous membrane

Answer 11

1 epithelium

2 deeper connective tissue layer

Question 12

Epithelium of Mucous Membrane

Answer 12

• thin outer covering
• cells are living
• tightly packed to prevent entry of pathogens
• continuous shedding of cells carries away microbes
• mucous physically traps microbes
• mucous secretions has antimicrobial chemicals

Question 13

Lacrimal Apparatus

Answer 13

• produces + drains tears

- blinking spreads tears + washes surface of eye

Question 14

most eye infections are caused by ____

Answer 14

most eye infections are caused by GRAM NEGATIVE

Question 15

what targets gram positive bacteria in the eye

Answer 15

lysozyme

Question 16

Microbial Antagonism

Answer 16

normal microbiota compete w potential pathogens

Question 17

Normal microbiota + innate immunity

Answer 17

• normal flora makes it difficult for pathogens to compete
• consume nutrients
• create an environment unfavorable to other microbes
• help stimulate body’s second line of defense
• promote overall health by providing vitamins to host

Question 18

body’s second line of defense

Answer 18

• operates when pathogens penetrate the skin or mucous membrane
• consist of plasma, cells, antimicrobial agents

Question 19

Plasma

Answer 19

• mostly water containing electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients, + protein
• includes iron-binding compounds, complement proteins, + antibodies
• 55% of whole blood

Question 20

Serum

Answer 20

-fluid remaining from plasma when fibrinogen (clotting factors) is removed

Question 21

Fibrinogen

Answer 21

clotting matter

Question 22

3 types of Cells/Cell Fragments

Answer 22

1 erythrocyte
2 platelet
3 leukocyte

Question 23

formed elements

Answer 23

cells and cell fragments in plasma

-leukocyte, platelet, + erythrocyte

Question 24

erythrocyte

Answer 24

carry oxygen + carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 25

platelet

Answer 25

involved in blood clotting

Question 26

leukocyte

Answer 26

- involved in defending the body against invaders | - divided into granulocytes + agranulocytes

Question 27

monocytes

Answer 27

differentiates into macrophage when leaving the blood stream

Question 28

5 types of white blood cells

Answer 28

``` never let monkeys eat bananas neutrophil lymphocyte monocyte eosinophil basophil ```

Question 29

hematopoiesis

Answer 29

process of production, multiplication, + specialization of blood cells in the bone marrow

Question 30

3 types of granulocytes

Answer 30

1 Basophil 2 Eosinophil 3 Neutrophil

Question 31

basophil | stain color and dye

Answer 31

stains blue basic dye with methylene blue

Question 32

eosinophil | stain color and dye

Answer 32

stain color red/orange acidic dye eosin

Question 33

neutrophil | stain color and dye

Answer 33

stain is lilac mix of acid + basic dyes

Question 34

neutrophils + eosinophils

Answer 34

- phagocytize pathogens - capable of diapedesis - can kill bacteria by non-phagocytic means

Question 35

2 types of agranulocytes

Answer 35

1 lymphocyte | 2 monocyte

Question 36

leukocyte most involved in adaptive immunity

Answer 36

lymphocyte

Question 37

when ___ leave the blood + moves into tissues, they mature into macrophage

Answer 37

monocytes

Question 38

diapedesis

Answer 38

the passage of blood cells (by squeezing) through capillary walls into the tissues

Question 39

differential white blood cell count

Answer 39

-lab analysis can signal signs of disease .incr eosino: allergies, parasitic worms .incr leuko + neutro:bacterial disease .incr lympho:viral infection

Question 40

5 stages of phagocytosis

Answer 40

``` 1 chemotaxis 2 adherence 3 ingestion 4 killing 5 elimination ```

Question 41

Eosinophil | nonphagocytic killing

Answer 41

- secrete toxins that weaken/kill the helminth - attack parasitic helminths by attaching to their surface - mitochondrial DNA + proteins form structures that kills some bacteria

Question 42

an indication of helminth (worm) infestation

Answer 42

elevated eosinophil

Question 43

Neutrophil | nonphagocytic killing

Answer 43

- produce chem that kill nearby invaders | - generate extracellular fibers called NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS that bind + kill bacteria

Question 44

can use phagocytic + non-phagocytic means to kill bacteria

Answer 44

eosino + neutro

Question 45

NK lymphocytes | nonphagocytic killing

Answer 45

- secretes toxins onto surface of VIRALLY INFECTED CELLS + TUMORS - differentiate normal body cells bc they have membrane proteins similar to NK cells - kills cells w/o MHC

Question 46

Interferons | chem killing

Answer 46

- released by virally infected host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections - cause of many symptoms associated w viral infections

Question 47

2 types of interferons

Answer 47

``` Type I (alpha + beta) Type II (gamma) ```

Question 48

Complement | chem killing

Answer 48

- set of serum proteins designated numerically according to their order of discovery - complement activation results in lysis of the foreign cell

Question 49

complement activation

Answer 49

1 classical pathway 2 alternative pathway 3 lectin pathway

Question 50

products of complement cascade

Answer 50

1 triggering inflammation 2 attracting phagocytes to sites of infection 3 killing the microbe by MAC attack

Question 51

MAC attack

Answer 51

membrane attack complex

Question 52

Inflammation

Answer 52

- redness, heat, swelling, pain | - nonspecific response to tissue damage fr various causes

Question 53

2 types of Inflammation

Answer 53

``` 1 Acute 2 Chronic (long lasting) ```

Question 54

Acute Inflammation

Answer 54

- important for second line of defense - develops quickly + short-lived - typically beneficial

Question 55

acute inflammation for second line of defense

Answer 55

- dilation increased permeability of blood vessels - migration of phagocytes - tissue repair

Question 56

Fever

Answer 56

- temp over 37 celsius | - result when pyrogens trigger the hypothalamus to increase the body's core temp

Question 57

3 types of pyrogens

Answer 57

- bacterial toxins - cytoplasmic contents of bacteria released by lysis - antibody-antigen complexes