Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro Exam 2 > 19 Brain Arousal Systems - B > Flashcards

19 Brain Arousal Systems - B Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of conciousness

A

Arousal and awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are examples of arousal

A

Sleep and wakefulness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a minimally conscious state

A

Reproducible evidence of awareness exists but communication is limited

Sleep wake cycles can be seen on EEG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a persistent vegetative state

A
  • pts eyes open and close
  • they can track objects
  • they can chew and swallow
  • do not respond to auditory stimuli, pain, hunger

Good example of arousal but no awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a coma

A

Deeply unconscious and displays unresponsiveness to stimuli

May display reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What marks irreversible brain death

A

No EEG activity recorded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is required for arousal and awareness

A

Cortical function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Disruptions in consciousness arise from

A

Subcortical lesions

  • brainstem
  • midbrain
  • hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the excitatory amino acid arousal systems

A
  • reticular activating system (RAS)

- parabracial nuclei (PBN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the cholinergic arousal systems

A

Pedunculopontine tegmental and laterodorsal nuclei (PPT/LDT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the noradrenergic arousal systems

A

Locus coeruleus (LC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the serotonergic arousal systems

A

Raphe nuclei (RN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the dopaminergic arousal systems

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the RAS project to

A
  • hypothalamus
  • thalamus
  • cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What tract does the RAS descend to in spinal cord

A

Reticulospinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the RAS

A
  • regulates arousal and consciousness
  • all ascending (sensory) info goes through it
  • modal specificity is lost because all pathways are converged
  • USES GLUTAMINE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The ascending RAS has 2 outputs. Where do they go and what do they do

A

Ventral
-goes to cortex or through hypothalamus and then to cortex

Dorsal
-through thalamus and then diffuses to cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the parabrachial nuclei complex

A

Different neurons that play a role in promoting wakefulness through cortical activation \

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the parabrachial nuclei do

A

Generates respiration patterns during waking state

  • amygdala activation of PBN causes hyperventilation during anxiety
  • USES GLUTAMINE
20
Q

What are the PBN outputs

A 
Ventral pathway (like RAS)
-goes straight to cortex or through hypothalamus to cortex
21
Q

How is the PBN and RAS similar

A

Both use EAA glutamate

-RAS has interneurons that release GABA and ACh

22
Q

Excitable amino acids are crucial to

A

Baseline excitation of cortical activity

23
Q

What are the outputs of the PPT and LDT

A

Dorsal (to thalamus then cortex) or Ventral (to cortex or hypothalamus and then cortex)

24
Q

What is the major neurotransmitter over the PPT/LDT

A

ACh

25
Q

What nuclei are the primary cause wakefulness and REM sleep

A

Cholinergic nuclei

26
Q

Also involved in wakefulness and REM sleep (beside LDT/PPT)

A
  • noradrenergic neurons of locus ceruleus
  • serotonergic neurons of raphe nuclei
  • histaminergic neurons of the tuberomammilary nuclei (of hypothalamus)
27
Q

What does antihistamines inhibit in the brain

A

TMN network to make you drowsy

28
Q

In addition to sleep, cholinergic neurons also

A

Provide baseline excitation that is crucial to cortical activity

29
Q

What is the locus coeruleus

A

Noradrenergic neurons that function in the alerting response

Being startled is also associated with this system

30
Q

What are the functions of the locus coeruleus

A
  • startle and alerting responses
  • sleep-wake cycles
  • behavioral vigilance
31
Q

What are the ascending outputs of the locus coerulus

A

Dorsal and ventral pathways used by RAS

Becomes the dorsal adrenergic bundle

32
Q

What is the descending output of locus coeruleus

A

Sensory modulation

33
Q

What are the outputs used by the RAS

A

Dorsal and ventral (same as RAS)

34
Q

What does the raphe nuclei use

A

Serotonin (basis of SSRI anti-depressants)

35
Q

What are the functions of the raphe nuclei

A
  • quiet awareness
  • mood and affect
  • modulation of pain
36
Q

The ventral tegmental nuclei uses what NT

A

Dopamine

37
Q

The VTN provides input for

A

Cognitive functions
Motor activity
Emotions

38
Q

Intracortical neurons relating to the RAS use GABA to create oscillations seen in the EEG as

A

Spindle-like discharges

39
Q

Hyperpolarization of dorsal and ventral pathways occurs during

A

Low activity states like sleeping

40
Q

During PVS (persistent vegetative state) cortical neurons are

A

Hyperpolarized

Levadopa has been shown in some to increase cognitive function

41
Q

During sleep, the thalamocortical neurons are __________ and occasionally show

A

Hyperpolarized; spindle-like discharges

42
Q

Hyperpolarization of the thalamic arousal system shuts of

A

Cortex from the excitatory influence during deepest levels of sleep

43
Q

Alertness is primarily done by what NT

A

Dopamine

44
Q

Awareness is done primarily by what NT

A

Norepinephrine and serotonin (5HT)

45
Q

Arousal is primarily done by what NT

A

EAA (glutamate) and ACh

Neuro Exam 2 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions