Plants Flashcards
Shared characteristics with algae
Eukaryotic, autotrophic, chlorophyll a and b, cell walls with cellulose, starch, division of labor, flagellated sperm, alternation of generations
Derived characteristics from algae
Multi-cellular dependent embryos
Walled spores produced in sporangia
Multi-cellular gamete-producing structures (female-archegonia; male-antheridia)
Apical meristems (tip of plant shoot or root from which growth occurrs)
Bryophyta
Bryophyte member
Mosses (Sphagnum)
Nonvascular
Hepatophyta
Bryophyte member
Liverworts (Marchantia)
Nonvascular
Anthocerophyta
Bryophyte member
Hornworts
Nonvascular
Liverwort Sexual Lifecycle
Sperm is released from antheridium- travels to archegonium
Sporophyte (diploid) develops in archegonium
Sporophyte produces thallus (long thick sheet- haploid)
Gemma cups on thallus disperse spores (asexual reproduction)
Sporopollenin
Outer wall of spores
Protection
Traits of seedless vascular plants derived from nonvascular plants
True roots and leaves
True vascular tissue (xylem, phloem)
Lignin (polymer that provides rigidity)
Sporophyte dominant
Pterophyta
Seedless vascular plants
Ferns
Fronds (leaves), rhizomes (roots), fiddleheads (new developing leaves)
Fern Sexual Lifecycle
Sporangium produce spores (haploid)
Spores develop into gametophytes
Underside of gametophyte contains archegonium and antheridium
Sperm is released from antheridium and travels to archegonium
Fertilization of egg produces zygote
Zygote develops into sporophyte (leaf)
Sporangium are located on underside of leaf
Lycophyta
Seedless vascular plants
Club mosses
Range from arctic to tropics
Some extinct species were woody
Derived characteristics for gymnosperms
Reduced gametophytes- small and dependent
Megaspore within ovule develops into seeds
Pollen (sperm can spread by air- no need for water)
Cycadopyta
Gymnosperm
Zamia- male and female trees (usually only males are planted- females have fruit that smell like decaying flesh)
Ginkophyta
Gymnosperm
Ginko biloba: Chinese medicinal plant
Gnetophyta
Gymnosperm
Gnetum- trees and vines native to Africa and Asia
Ephedra- produces ephedrine
Welwitschia- Namibian plant with 2 split leaves
