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Bio 121 > Plant Structure > Flashcards

Plant Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Plant response to land

A 
Differentiation
Plasticity (change form and structure)
Acclimation
Adaptation
Modular indeterminant growth (can keep growing indefinitely)
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2
Q

Blade

A

Flat part of leaf

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3
Q

Petiole

A

Connection between leaf and stem

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4
Q

Taproot

A

Main part of root
Extends downward into soil
Penetrates deeply

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5
Q

Lateral roots

A

Extensions of main root

Extend outward

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6
Q

Node

A

Part of branch from which a leaf or a new stem can grow
Point at which leaf is attached to stem
Looks like a small bud

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7
Q

Internode

A

Stem segments between nodes

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8
Q

Axillary bud

A

Bud from which a branch can grow

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9
Q

3 main plant organs

A

Roots
Stem
Leaves

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10
Q

Adventitious roots

A

Roots that develop from stems or even leaves

Specialized

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11
Q

Root hairs

A

Absorption rather than anchorage

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12
Q

Prop roots

A

Soggy areas: extra support to prevent plant from falling over

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13
Q

Storage roots

A

Plants like beets use these for storage of food and water

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14
Q

“Strangling” aerial roots

A

Snakelike roots that wrap around host tree

Plant germinates in the branches of host tree

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15
Q

Buttress roots

A

Extend above soil, which is shallow

Give plant extra support

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16
Q

Pneumatophores

A

Structures that grow up from water

Obtain oxygen

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17
Q

Apical bud

A

Top budding of plant

If cut off, plant grows out instead of up

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18
Q

Rhizome

A

Horizontal shoot that grows just below the surface

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19
Q

Bulb

A

Vertical underground shoots consisting of enlarged bases of leaves that store food

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20
Q

Stolon

A

Horizontal shoots that grow along the surface

Reproduction: each outgoing can become new plant

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21
Q

Tuber

A

Enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons that store food

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22
Q

Tendrils

A

Leaves that wrap around other things for support

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23
Q

Spines

A

Modified leaves found on desert plants

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24
Q

Storage leaves

A

CAM plants

Adapted for storing water

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25
Q

Reproductive leaves

A

Maternity plant: each little leaf along big leaf can start a new plant (asexual reproduction)

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26
Q

Bracts

A

Brightly colored leaves found on poinsettias

Attract pollinators

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27
Q

3 plant tissue types

A

Ground
Dermal
Vascular

28
Q

Ground tissue

A

Bulk of cells

Functions: photosynthesis, storage, support

29
Q

Pith

A

Ground tissue that is internal to vascular tissue

30
Q

Cortex

A

Ground tissue that is external to vascular tissue

31
Q

Dermal tissue

A

Epidermal cells, periderm (bark), cuticle (waxy part)
Functions: covers, protects, gas exchange
Includes root hair, trichomes, and guard cells

32
Q

Trichomes

A

Leaf hairs

Provide defense against insects

33
Q

Guard cells

A

Surround stomata- allows CO2 to go into leaf

34
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Xylem and phloem

Functions: transport and support

35
Q

Xylem

A 
Vascular tissue that transports H2O from roots to leaves
Dead at maturity
Secondary cell walls
Ring or spiral pattern
Pits/perforation plates
36
Q

Phloem

A

Vascular tissue that transports sugar from leaves to roots

37
Q

Stele

A

Vascular tissue of root or stem

38
Q

Vascular bundles

A

Separate strands containing xylem and phloem

Comprise steles of stems and leaves

39
Q

Meristem

A

Perpetually embryonic tissue

Stem cells: can grow into any part of plant

40
Q

Apical meristem

A 
Tips of roots and shoots
Tissue types arise from specific regions
Primary growth (elongation)
41
Q

Protoderm

A

Meristem region that gives rise to epidermis

42
Q

Procambium

A

Meristem region that gives rise to phloem/xylem

43
Q

Ground meristem

A

Meristem region that gives rise to ground tissue

44
Q

Lateral meristem

A

Secondary growth (thickening)

45
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Adds secondary xylem and phloem- thickening

46
Q

Root cap

A

Protects apical meristem as root pushes through soil

Located at bottom of root

47
Q

Zone of cell division

A

Portion of root that contains apical meristem and its derivatives
Area where new root cells are produced
Located at bottom of root

48
Q

Zone of elongation

A

Located at midsection of root

Area where growth occurs as root cells elongate

49
Q

Zone of differentiation

A

Located at top of root
Area where cells complete differentiation and become distinct cell types
Xylem and phloem form

50
Q

Secondary growth

A

Secondary phloem is added to the outside of the vascular cambium and the inside of the primary phloem
Secondary xylem is added to the inside of the vascular cambium and the outside of the primary xylem

51
Q

Vascular rays

A

Radial files of mostly parenchyma cells that connect the secondary xylem and phloem

52
Q

Early wood

A

Wood that consists of secondary xylem cells with relatively large diameters and thin cell walls
Maximizes delivery of water to new leaves

53
Q

Late wood

A

Wood composed of thick walled cells

Don’t transport as much water, but provide more support

54
Q

Rings of trees

A

Layer of xylem

Show age of tree

55
Q

Differences between eudicots and monocots

A

Roots: eudicot has xylem and phloem in the center; monocot has parenchyma in center
Stems: eudicot’s vascular bundles form a ring; monocot’s vascular bundles are scattered throughout

56
Q

Central vacuole

A

Storage compartments of plant cells

57
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Channels connecting each plant cell to its neighbor

58
Q

3 plant cell types

A

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

59
Q

Parenchyma

A 
Least specialized of plant cell types
Thin primary cell wall (no secondary)
Large vacuole
Photosynthesis and storage
Phloem= specialized example of cell type
60
Q

Collenchyma

A

“Strands”- celery
Thickened primary walls (no secondary or lignin)
Support for growing tissues

61
Q

Sclerenchyma

A 
Thickened secondary wall
Lignin- hard, rigid polymer
Cells are dead upon plant maturation
Fibers (hemp)
Sclerids (nut shells, gritty parts of pears)
Xylem- specialized example of cell type
62
Q

Tracheids

A

Type of xylem
Tapered, elongated cells
Found in angiosperms and gymnosperms

63
Q

Vessels

A

Type of xylem
Long tubes that grow end-to-end
Good at conducting water
Found in angiosperms only

64
Q

Sieve tubes

A

Long tubes in phloem of angiosperms through which nutrients are transported

65
Q

Sieve plates

A

End walls between sieve tubes

Have pores that facilitate the flow of fluid from one tube to another

66
Q

Companion cells

A

Connected to sieve tubes by plasmodesmata

Assist functions of sieve tubes

67
Q

Layers of leaf

A

Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll (columnar and stacked side by side)
Spongy mesophyll (scattered throughout)
Lower epidermis

Bio 121 (25 decks)

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