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Bio 121 > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Gastrovascular cavities

A

Digestion and distribution of substances throughout the body

Simple animals such as cnidarians

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2
Q

Circulatory system components

A 
Circulatory fluid (blood)
Tubes (blood vessels)
Muscular pump (heart)
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3
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Insects, arthropods, most molluscs
Blood bathes organs directly
Valves keep hemolymph going in right direction
Advantage: all cells are directly exposed to hemolymph

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4
Q

Hemolymph

A

Exchange fluid in open circulatory system

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5
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid
More efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and cells
Advantage: concentrate blood in specific areas- move particles more efficiently

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6
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Completes exchange between blood and cells

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7
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Vertebrate closed circulatory system

Blood vessels and 2-4 chambered heart

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8
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood to capillaries away from heart

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9
Q

Veins

A

Return blood from capillaries to heart

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10
Q

Capillaries

A

Most direct contact with cells

Exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid

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11
Q

Double circulation

A

2 trips to heart before going to rest of body

Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit (rest of body)

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12
Q

Ventricle

A

Pumps blood out of heart

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13
Q

Atrium

A

Pumps blood into heart

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14
Q

Fish circulatory system

A

2 chambered heart: 1 ventricle and 1 atrium
Single circulation
Ventricle -> artery -> gill capillaries -> systemic capillaries -> vein -> atrium

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15
Q

Amphibian circulatory system

A

3 chambered heart: 2 atria and 1 ventricle
Double circulation
Pulmocutaneous: breathe through skin
Ventricle pumps blood into forked artery- splits ventricle’s output into pulmocutaneous circuit (oxygen-poor blood) and systemic circuit (oxygen-rich blood)

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16
Q

Reptile circulatory system

A

Double circulation
Turtles, snakes, and lizards: 3 chambered heart
Extra vessel from ventricle: bypass lungs, allowing animal to swim for prolonged periods of time

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17
Q

Mammalian and avian circulatory system

A

Ventricle is completely divided into separate right and left chambers
Left side of heart pumps and receives only oxygen-rich blood
Right side of heart pumps and receives only oxygen-poor blood

18
Q

4-chambered heart and endothermic lifestyle

A

Increased oxygen input- needed for oxidative phosphorylation (O2 is final electron receptor in electron chain)

19
Q

Mammalian circulatory pathway

A

Right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lung capillaries (diffusion of oxygen) -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> systemic capillaries -> vena cava -> right atrium

20
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Separate atria from ventricles

21
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Separate ventricles from arteries

22
Q

Systole

A

Pumping or contraction phase of cardiac cycle

23
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation or filling phase of cardiac cycle

24
Q

Cardiac cycle

A
  1. Atrial and ventricular diastole: AV valves open, semilunar valves closed
  2. Atrial systole and ventricular diastole
  3. Atrial diastole and ventricular systole: AV valves closed, semilunar valves open
25
Q

Self-excitable

A

Some cardiac muscle cells

Contract without any signal from the nervous system

26
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

Pacemaker: sets rate and timing for cardiac muscle cell contraction
Influenced by nerves, hormones, body temperature, and exercise

27
Q

Heartbeat

A
  1. SA node generates wave of signals to contract
  2. Signals are delayed at AV node
  3. Signals pass to heart apex and then Purkinje fibers
  4. Ventricles contract
28
Q

Heart sounds

A

AV valve recoil: “lub”

Semilunar valve recoil: “dub”

29
Q

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

A

Displays electric impulses that travel through the cardiac cycle

30
Q

Blood vessels

A

Infrastructure of circulatory system
Cavity: central lumen
Valve in veinous lumen: prevent backflow
3 layers (inside to outside): Epithelium (endothelium), smooth muscle, connective tissue

31
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Aids in veinous blood flow

32
Q

Velocity of blood flow

A

Varies in the circulatory system

Slowest in capillaries: high resistance and large cross-sectional area to allow diffusion

33
Q

Blood pressure

A

Hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel

34
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Pressure in arteries during ventricular systole

Highest pressure in arteries

35
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Pressure in arteries during diastole

Lower than systolic pressure

36
Q

Measuring blood pressure

A

Cuff puts pressure against an artery (almost cutting off blood flow): measure systolic
Slowly release pressure: measure diastolic

37
Q

Distribution of blood in capillary beds

A

Contraction of smooth muscle layer in wall of arteriole (small branch of artery) constricts vessel
Precapillary sphincters control the flow of blood between arterioles and venules: open- blood flow into capillaries, closed- blood flow only between arterioles and venules

38
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Buildup of cholesterol within arteries

39
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

Promotes atherosclerosis and increases risk of heart attack or stroke

40
Q

Heart attack

A

Death of cardiac muscle resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries

41
Q

Stroke

A

Death of nervous tissue in the brain

Usually results from rupture or blockage of arteries in head

Bio 121 (25 decks)

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