Lab Practical 3 - axial and other stuff

Question 1

What is the difference between thick and thin skin?

Answer 1

Thick skin contains Stratum Lucidum. Also, there are no sebaceous glands in thick skin.

Question 2

function & location: cutaneous membrane

Answer 2

keratinizing epithelium

• protection from mechanical, chemical, thermal and bacterial damage.
• prevents water loss
• insulation
• cushion

-skin

Question 3

function & location: mucous membrane

Answer 3

loose connective tissue: lamina propria

line body cavities (hollow organs) that open to the exterior

nasal cavity, mouth, esophagus, lung

Question 4

function & location: serous membrane

Answer 4

squamous epithelium on areolar connective tissue

line closed ventral cavity, reduce friction as organs slide across one another and against body cavity walls

peritonium, pleura, pericardium

Question 5

Location & Secretion of eccrine glands

Answer 5

Location: palms, soles, forehead

Secretion: sweat (water, salt, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, metabolic wastes

Question 6

Location & Secretion of apocrine glands

Answer 6

Location: axillary, anogenital

Secretion: sweat, fatty substances, proteins

Question 7

Location & Secretion of sebaceous glands

Answer 7

Location: Everywhere except palms and soles

Secretion: sebum (oil, bactericidal, softens hair & skin)

Question 8

Visceral vs parietal

Answer 8

Visceral is inside, covers organs. Parietal covers the wall.

Question 9

Hyaline cartilage location

Answer 9

• costal - connects ribs to sternum
• articular - covers bone ends at moveable joints
• laryngeal - constructs larynx
• tracheal & bronchial - reinforce passageways of respiratory system
• nasal - supports external nose

Question 10

Fibrocartilage location

Answer 10

intervertebral discs - cushion bones of spine
pubic symphosis
knee joints

Question 11

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 11

external ear

epiglottis

Question 12

Long bone

Answer 12

• bones that are longer than they are wide, consisting of a shaft with heads at either end.
• composed mostly of compact bone.
• example: femur, phalanges, ulna, radial

Question 13

Short bones

Answer 13

• cube shaped
• contains more spongy bone than compact bone.
• example: tarsal, carpal

Question 14

Flat bone

Answer 14

• generally thin, two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone
• curved generally
• example: skull, sternum

Question 15

Irregular bones

Answer 15

all other bones.

example: vertebrae

Question 16

Sesamoid bones

Answer 16

special type of short bones formed in tendons.

example: patella.

Question 17

Bone marking function

Answer 17

bulges, depressions and holes which serve as sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons; joint surfaces; conduits for blood vessels and nerves

Question 18

Bone marking categories

Answer 18

• projections or processes that grow out from the bone and serve as sites of muscle attachment or help form joints;
• depressions (or cavities) which are indentations or openings in bone that serve as conduits for nerves and blood vessels.

Question 19

axial skeleton

Answer 19

skull, thoracic cage, vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx

Question 20

appendicular

Answer 20

clavicle, scapula, upper (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, phalanges, metacarpals) and lower limb bones (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, talus), pelvic girdle

Question 21

tuberosity

Answer 21

rounded projection

ex

humerus: deltoid tuberosity
tibia: tibial tuberosity
radius: radial tuberosity
ischium: ischial tuberosity

Question 22

crest

Answer 22

narrow, prominent ridge

iliac crest

Question 23

trochanter

Answer 23

large, blunt, irregular surface

on femur, greater and lesser trochanter

Question 24

line

Answer 24

narrow ridge of bone

there are some on femur but not necessary to know

Question 25

tubercle

Answer 25

small rounded projection or process

humerus: greater and lesser tubercle

Question 26

epicondyle

Answer 26

raised area above a condyle

on humerus and femur, medial and lateral epicondyles

Question 27

spine

Answer 27

sharp, slender process

on scapula

Question 28

process

Answer 28

any bony prominence

the things that stick out on scapula, ulna, radius, processes on vertebrae

Question 29

condyle

Answer 29

rounded articular projection

on tibia & femur, medial and lateral condyle, occipital condyle

Question 30

head

Answer 30

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

humerus, radius, ulna, femur, fibula

Question 31

facet

Answer 31

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

posterior of kneecap, on axis, superior articular facet

Question 32

ramus

Answer 32

armlike bar

on hip bone, superior pubic ramus, ischial ramus & inferior pubic ramus

Question 33

meatus

Answer 33

canal-like passageway

external acoustic meatus (ear)

Question 34

sinus

Answer 34

bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoidal, maxillary

Question 35

fossa

Answer 35

shallow, basinlike depression

in scapula, supra- and infraspinosus fossa

Question 36

groove

Answer 36

furrow, linear depression

Question 37

fissure

Answer 37

narrow, slitlike opening

Question 38

foramen

Answer 38

round or oval opening through a bone

jugular foramen, foramen magnum

Question 39

sella turcica location

Answer 39

superior view, saddle-shaped in sphenoid midline

Question 40

coronal suture

Answer 40

between parietal bones and frontal bone

Question 41

Sagittal suture

Answer 41

between right and left parietal bones

Question 42

Lamboid suture

Answer 42

between parietal bones and occipital bone

Question 43

Chemical composition of bone

Answer 43

Strong, simple, and flexible.

Hardness due to inorganic calcium salts deposited in ground substance.
Flexibility from organic elements of matrix - collagen fibers

Question 43

Squamous suture

Answer 43

between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull

Question 44

Heat’s effect on bones

Answer 44

Shape is still the same but heat makes bone brittle and responds to gentle pressure by breaking. Organic material is dried out.

Question 45

Acid’s effect on bones

Answer 45

More fibrous, very flexible, removes calcium salt from bones, resembles bones of a child with rickets

Question 46

What happens in rickets?

Answer 46

Bones are not properly calcified, leads to softening and weakening of bones

Question 47

Steps of ossification

Answer 47

• fibrous material covering hyaline cartilage model is vascularized and converted to periosteum
• osteoblasts at inner surface of periosteum secrete bone matrix around hyaline cartilage model, forming a bone collar
• cartilage in the shaft center calcifies and hollows out, forming an internal cavity

Question 48

True vs false ribs

Answer 48

True ribs are attached to sternum by their own cartilage (first 7)
False ribs are indirectly attached to sternum or lack attachment
Of these, ribs 8-10 have indirect cartilage attachments via rib 7 (vertebrochondral)
Last two pairs have no attachment (floating)

Question 49

Sinus locations

Answer 49

Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoid, maxillary

FESM

Question 50

Male vs female girdle

Answer 50

Female: wider, shallower, lighter, rounder, broader, pubic arch more curved, acetabula smaller, further apart. Coccyx more moveable, outlet broader

Male: narrower, more acute

Question 51

Arches of the foot

Answer 51

Medial
Lateral
Transverse