Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Uncategorized > endocrine upload > Flashcards

endocrine upload Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine gland

A

secrete hormones into the bloodstream from the interstitial fluid. Then, acts on cells (target cells).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Exocrine gland

A

enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces. EX: stomach acid reaching the lumen of the digestive tract; sweat released at the skin_s surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

5 chemical classes of hormones: amines

A

formed from amino acids _ examples: norepinephrine, epinephrine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

5 chemical classes of hormones: peptides

A

formed from amino acids _ examples: ADH, OT, TRH, SS, GnRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

5 chemical classes of hormones: proteins

A

formed from amino acids _ examples: PTH, GH, PRL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

5 chemical classes of hormones: glycoproteins

A

formed from protein & carbs _ examples: FSH, LH, TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

5 chemical classes of hormones: steroids

A

formed from cholesterol _ examples _ estrogens, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sequence of steroid hormone

A

_ Endocrine gland secretes steroid hormone.
_ Steroid hormone diffuses through target cell membrane & enters cytoplasm or nucleus.
_ Hormone combines w/ receptor molecule in cytoplasm or nucleus.
_ Steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA & promotes transcription of messenger RNA.
_ Messenger RNA enters cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis.
_ Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone_s specific effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sequence of nonsteroid hormone

A

_ Endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormone.
_ Body fluid carries hormone to its target cell.
_ Hormone combines w/ receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein.
_ Adenylate cyclase molecules are activated in target cell_s membrane.
_ Adenylate cyclize circulates ATP into cyclic AMP.
_ Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases.
_ Protein kinases activate protein substrates in the cell that change metabolic processes.
_ Cellular changes produce the hormone_s effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Control of hormonal secretions by negative feedback

A

o Hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland_s release of tropic hormones, which stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones. Hypothalamus constantly receives information about the internal environment from neural connections about the internal environment from neural connections & cerebrospinal fluid, made possible by its location near the thalamus and the third ventricle.
o Nervous system directly stimulates some glands. Adrenal medulla secrets its hormones (epinephrine & norepinephrine) in response to preganglionic sympathetic nerve impulses. Secretory cells replace postgang sympathetic neurons, which would normally secrete norepinephrine alone as a transmitter.
o A change in the composition of the internal environment is another source to which another group of hormones directly response. Ex: when blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin, and when the blood glucose level falls, it secretes glucagon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Identify and locate adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)

A

looks like a pair of balls, this one is in the front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Identify and locate adrenal cortex

A

makes up bulk of the adrenal gland, 3 layers- zona glomerulosa, faciculata, reticularis. Adrenal medulla is inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Identify and locate adrenal gland

A

shaped like pyramids - consists of cortex & medulla, on top of kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Identify and locate adrenal medulla

A

inner part of adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Identify and locate follicle-thyroid

A

capsule of connective tissue covering the thyroid gland, secretes hormones that may be stored inside the thyroid gland (colloid) or released into nearby capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Identify and locate hypophysis

A

aka pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Identify and locate infundibulum

A

atttaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus (stalk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Identify and locate islets of langerhans

A

clusters inside pancreas which secrete hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Identify and locate neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

A

looks like a pair of balls, this one is in the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Identify and locate ovary

A

little balls attached to fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Identify and locate pancreas

A

next to small intestine, looks like a comma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Identify and locate parathyroid gland

A

little beans on the thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Identify and locate pituitary gland

A

the balls, made up of the adenohypophysis (front ball) and the neurohypohysis (back ball)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Identify and locate pineal gland

A

near roof of 3rd ventricle, in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Identify and locate testis

A

inside scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Identify and locate thymus

A

sternum, between lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Identify and locate thyroid gland

A

below larynx, anterior to trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Identify and locate zona faciculata

A

middle layer of adreanl cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Identify and locate zona glomerulosa

A

outer layer of adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Identify and locate zona reticularis

A

inner layer of adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - functions, target organs, where it is produced, how it is regulated

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

o Action: causes kidneys to reduce water excretion; in high concentration, raises blood pressure.
o Source of control: Hypothalamus in response to changes in blood water concentration & blood volume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Oxytocin (OT) - functions, target organs, where it is produced, regulation

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
o Action: contracts muscles in uterine wall and those associated w/ milk-secreting glands
o Source of control: Hypothalamus in response to stretch in uterine and vaginal walls and stimulation of breasts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Growth hormone (GH) - function, target organ, regulation

A

o Action: Stimulates increase in size and rate of division of body cells, enhances movement of amino acids through membranes; promotes growth of long bones.
o Source of control: Secretion inhibited by somatostatin (SS) and stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) from the hypothalamus.
o Target organ: all body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - function, target organ, regulation

A

o Action: Controls secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland
o Source of control: thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus.
o Target organ: thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - function, target organ, regulation

A

o Action: controls secretion of certain hormones from the adrenal cortex
o Source of control: corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus.
o Target organ: adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - function, target organ, regulation

A

o Action: Development of egg-containing follicles in ovaries; stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogen; in males, stimulates production of sperms.
o Source of control: gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.
o Target organ: gonads (ovaries; testes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) - function, target organ, regulation

A

o Action: Promotes secretion of sex hormones; releases egg cell in females.
o Source of control: Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
o Target organ: gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Acromegaly - over/underproduction from which hormone

A

natural OVERsecretion of growth hormone. Happens in adults after the epiphyses of the long bones have ossified, but soft tissue continues to enlarge. Bones thicken, producing long tongue, nose, hands and feet, and protruding jaw. Associated w/ pituitary tumor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Dwarfism- over/underproduction from which hormone

A

insufficient secretion of human growth hormone (HGH) in children - body proportions and mental development are normal, affects other hormones - e.g., adult sexual features do not develop unless they receive hormone therapy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Gigantism- over/underproduction from which hormone

A

oversecretion of growth hormone in children, they become super tall. Caused by a tumor of the pituitary gland, which secretes excess hormones including GH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Thyroxine (T4) - storage, release, transported, regulated

A

o Action: Increases rate of energy release from carbs, increases rate of protein synthesis, accelerates growth, stimulates activity in nervous system
o Source of control: TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) from anterior pituitary gland
o Target organ: all body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Triiodothyronin (T3) - storage, release, transported, regulated

A

o Action: Same as above, but 5x more potent than thyroxine!
o Source of control: Same as above.
o Target: all body cells

43
Q

Calcitonin - storage, release, transported, regulated

A

o Action: Lowers blood calcium & phosphate ion concentrations by inhibiting release of calcium & phosphate ions fromb ones and by increasing the rate at which calcium and phosphate ions are deposited into bones; increases excretion of calcium by kidneys
o Source of control: elevated blood calcium ion concentration; digestive hormones.
o Target organ: Osteoclasts & osteoblasts in bone & kidney

44
Q

Thyroid disorder: cretinism

A

infantile hypothyroidism: stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, mental retardation, low body temp, sluggish

45
Q

Thyroid disorder: endemic goiter

A

also called simple goiter, deficiency of thyroid hormones due to iodine deficiency; because no thyroid hormones inhibit pituitary release of TSH, thyroid is overstimulated and enlarges but functions below normal (hypothyroidism)

46
Q

Thyroid disorder: exophthalmos

A

eyes bulge out of face from graves disease

47
Q

Thyroid disorder: graves disease

A

autoantibodies bind TSH receptors on thyroid cell membranes, mimicking action of TSH, overstimulating glad (hyperthyroidism); exopthalmia (eyes bulge) and goiter

48
Q

Thyroid disorder: hyperthyroidism

A

high metabolic rate, sensitiveity to heat, restlessness, hyperactivity, weight loss, protruding eyes, goiter

49
Q

Thyroid disorder: hypothyroidism

A

low metabolic rate, sensitivity to cold, sluggishness, poor appetite, swollen tissues, mental dullness

50
Q

Thyroid disorder: myxedema

A

adult hypothyroidism

51
Q

Thyroid disorder: toxic goiter

A

caused by hyperthyroidism

52
Q

Function of parathormone (PTH) aka parathyroid hormone, how it’s produced, and how secretion is regulated.

A

o Action: regulates the concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in the blood by 1. Stimulating bone osteoclast activity and inhibiting bone osteoblast activity; 2. Stimulating kidneys to conserve calcium and excrete phosphate; and 3. Stimulating vitamin D activation, which stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium.
o Control: stimulated by a decrease in blood calcium level and inhibited by an elevated blood calcium level.
o Target cells: osteoclasts and osteoblasts in bone, kidneys, and intestines

53
Q

PTH disorders: hyperparathyroidism cause & effect

A

caused by tumor, effect: fatigue, muscular weakness, painful joints, altered mental functions, depression, weight loss, bone weakening, increased PTH secretion overstimulates osteoclasts

54
Q

PTH disorders: hypoparathyroidism cause & effect

A

caused by inadvertent surgical removal, injury; effect: muscle cramps & seizures, decreased PTH secretion reduces osteoclast activity, diminishing blood calcium ion concentration

55
Q

2 main parts of adrenal gland & subparts

A

adrenal medulla (inside) & adrenal cortex (outer layers) - glomerulosa (outer), fasciculata (middle), reticularis (inner)

56
Q

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) - function, regulation

A

_ Actions: 1. increases blood sodium and water levels; 2. decreases blood potassium levels.
_ Control: stimulated by 1. A decrease in blood sodium levels; and 2. A decrease in blood pressure, or 3. An increase in blood potassium levels.
_ Target organ: kidneys

57
Q

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) - function, regulation

A

o Glucocorticoids (ex. Cortisol) produced in a zona fasciculate
_ Actions: 1. Inhibits protein synthesis and thus causes an increase in amino acid concentration in the blood stream. 2. Promotes an increase in the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue and their usage as an energy source and decreases the usage of glucose as an energy source; and 3. Promotes the synthesis of glucose from non-carb sources, such as circulating amino acids and glycerol, thus increasing blood glucose concentration.
_ Control: corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus which, in turn, stimulates ACTH production and release by the anterior pituitary
_ Target organ: all body cells

58
Q

Estrogen & testosterone - function, regulation

A

o Estrogen & testosterone _ produced by the zona reticularis; supplement the sex hormones from the gonads; target organs–estrogen: ovaries, uterus, mammary glands; testosterone: all body cells

59
Q

Addison’s disease

A

the adrenal cortex does not secrete hormones sufficiently due to immune system attack (autoimmunity) or an infection such as tuberculosis. Signs and symptoms: decreased blood sodium increased blood potassium, low blood glucose level (hypoglycemia), dehydration, low blood pressure, frequent infections, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and increased skin pigmentation. Without treatment: death from severe disturbances in electrolyte balance.

60
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

an adrenal tumor or oversecretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary causes hypersecretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol). May also result from taking corticosteroid drugs for many years, such as to treat asthma or rheumatoid arthritis. Tissue protein level plummets, due to muscle wasting and loss of bone tissue. Blood glucose level remains elevated, excess sodium is retained. Tissue fluid increases, blood pressure rises, skin appears puffy. Skin appears thin due to inhibition of collagen synthesis by excess cortisol.

61
Q

Melatonin function

A

secreted by pineal gland, helps regulate the menstrual cycle by decreasing gonadotropin secretion

62
Q

Thymosin function

A

secreted by thymus, plays an essential role in the maturation of T-lymphocytes to enhance the functions of the immune mechanisms

63
Q

Major events in stress response & clinical applications

A
  1. In response to stress, nerve impulses are transmitted to the hypothalamus.
  2. Sympathetic impulses arising from the hypothalamus increase blood glucose concentration, blood glycerol concentration, blood fatty acid concentration, heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. They dilate air passages, shunt blood into skeletal muscles, and increase secretion of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla.
  3. Epinephrine intensifies & prolongs sympathetic actions
  4. Hypothalamus secretes CRH, which stimulates secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland.
  5. ACTH stimulates release of cortisol by adrenal cortex
  6. Cortisol increases concentration of blood amino acids, releases fatty acids, and forms glucose from noncarb sources
  7. Secretion of glucagon from the pancreas and growth hormone from the anterior pituitary increase.
  8. Glucagon & GH aid mobilization of energy sources and stimulate uptake of amino acids by cells.
  9. Secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary increases.
  10. ADH promotes retain of water by kidneys, which increases blood volume.
  11. Renin increases blood levels of angiotensin II, which acts as a vasoconstrictor and also stimulates aldosterone secretion by adrenal cortex.
  12. Aldosterone stimulates sodium retention by the kidneys.
64
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway

A

hormone system that regulates blood pressure and water (fluid) balance. When blood volume is low, special cells in the kidney secrete renin into circulation. Plasma renin then carries out the conversion of angiotensiongen released by the liver to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II by the angiotensin converting enzyme found in the lungs. When Angiotensin II reahces the adrenal cortex, it stimulates the release of ACTH. Aldosterone acts on the kidney to convserve sodium ions and water. Blood pressure and/or sodium ion concentration return twoard normal, inhibiting further secretion of renin.

65
Q

Site of production & target organ of adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

FROM anterior pituitary, TO adrenal glands

66
Q

Site of production & target organ of aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

A

FROM adrenal cortex (glomerulosa), TO kidneys

67
Q

Site of production & target organ of angiotensinogen

A

FROM liver, TO none (inactive)

68
Q

Site of production & target organ of angiotensin

A

FROM blood, TO blood vessels & adrenal gland

69
Q

Site of production & target organ of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

FROM hypothalamus, TO kidneys and blood vessels

70
Q

Site of production & target organ of calcitonin

A

FROM thyroid TO osteoclasts & osteoblasts in bone & kidney

71
Q

Site of production & target organ of catecholamines

A

norepinephrine & epinephrine

72
Q

Site of production & target organ of corticotropin releasing hormone

A

FROM hypothalamus TO anterior pituitary

73
Q

Site of production & target organ of cortisol

A

FROM adrenal cortex (fasciculata) TO all body cells

74
Q

Site of production & target organ of epinephrine (adrenalin)

A

FROM adrenal medulla TO all body cells

75
Q

Site of production & target organ of estrogen

A

FROM ovaries and adrenal cortex (reticularis) TO ovaries, uterus, and mammary glands

76
Q

Site of production & target organ of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

FROM anterior pituitary TO gonads

77
Q

Site of production & target organ of follicule stimulating hormone releasing hormone (FSHRH)

A

AKA luteinizing hormone - anterior pituitary TO gonads

78
Q

Site of production & target organ of glucagon

A

FROM pancrease TO liver

79
Q

Site of production & target organ of glucocorticoids

A

FROM adrenal cortex TO all body cells

80
Q

Site of production & target organ of gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

FROM hypothalamus TO anterior pituitary

81
Q

Site of production & target organ of growth hormone (GH) or somatropin (STH)

A

FROM anterior pituitary TO all body cells

82
Q

Site of production & target organ of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

FROM hypothalamus TO anterior pituitary

83
Q

Site of production & target organ of growth inhibiting hormone (GIH) or somatostatin (SS)

A

FROM hypothalamus TO anterior pituitary

84
Q

Site of production & target organ of insulin

A

FROM pancreas TO all body cells

85
Q

Site of production & target organ of interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)

A

male luteinizing hormone, FROM anterior pituitary TO gonads

86
Q

Site of production & target organ of luteinizing hormone

A

FROM anterior pituitary TO gonads

87
Q

Site of production & target organ of melatonin

A

FROM pineal gland TO anterior pituitary

88
Q

Site of production & target organ of oxytocin (OT)

A

FROM posterior pituitary TO kidneys and blood vessels

89
Q

Site of production & target organ of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

FROM parathyroids TO osteoclasts and osteoblasts in bone, kidney, and intestines

90
Q

Site of production & target organ of prolactin (PRL)

A

FROM anterior pituitary TO mammary glands

91
Q

Site of production & target organ of prolactin release inhibiting hormone (PIH)

A

FROM hypothalamus TO anterior pituitary

92
Q

Site of production & target organ of prolactin releasing factor (PRF)

A

FROM hypothalamus TO anterior pituitary

93
Q

Site of production & target organ of renin

A

an enzymee, not a hormone - FROM kidney TO blood

94
Q

Site of production & target organ of tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine or T4)

A

aka thyroxine FROM thyroid TO all body cells

95
Q

Site of production & target organ of testosterone

A

FROM testes and adrenal cortex (zona reticularis) TO all body cells

96
Q

Site of production & target organ of thymosin

A

FROM thymus TO lymphatic organs

97
Q

Site of production & target organ of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin

A

FROM anterior pituitary TO thyroid

98
Q

Site of production & target organ of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

A

FROM hypothalamus TO anterior pituitary

99
Q

Site of production & target organ of triiodothyronine

A

FROM thyroid TO all body cells

100
Q

Glucagon function, site of release

A

FROM pancreas (alpha cells) TO liver

101
Q

Insulin function, site of release

A

FROM pancreas (beta cells) TO all body cells

102
Q

Somatostatin function, site of release

A

FROM pancreas (delta cells); hypothalamus TO pancreas; anterior pituitary

103
Q

diabetes symptoms

A

acidosis: increased acidity in the blood and other body tissue, dehydration, diabetic coma, hyperglycemia (too much blood sugar), hypoglycemia (too little blood sugar), and loss of weight

Uncategorized (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions