Exam 4 - chapter 8 Flashcards
Joint aka articulation
site where two or more bones meet
Functional classification of joints
synarthroses - immoveable joints
amphiarthroses - slightly moveable joints
diarthroses - freely moveable joints
structural classification of joints
fibrous - bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue, no joint cavity - most are immoveable. ex, sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
cartilaginous joints - bones united by cartilage - no joint cavity, not highly moveable - examples: synchodroses and symphyses
synovial: bones separated by fluid-filled cavity - all are diathrotic (move freely) - include all limb joints, most joints of the body
fibrous joints
bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue, no joint cavity - most are immoveable.
ex,
sutures - in skull,
syndesmoses (joint held together by ligament) - between distal ends of fibula/tibia,
gomphoses (“peg in socket” fibrous joint) - periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket.
cartilaginous joints
bones united by cartilage - no joint cavity, not highly moveable
examples:
synchodroses (bones united by hyaline cartilage) - sternum and rib joint, epiphyseal plate
symphyses (bones united by fibrocartilage) - pubic symphysis, between vertebraes
synovial joints
bones separated by fluid-filled cavity - all are diathrotic (move freely) - include all limb joints, most joints of the body
bursae vs tendon sheaths
sacs lined with synovial membrane (contain synovial fluid), reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction
3 stabilizing factors at synovial joints
shapes of articular surface, ligament number and location, muscle tendons that cross joint (muscle tone keeps tendons taught)
6 types of synovial joints
PHP CSB
plane - intercarpal, intertarsal, vertebrae
hinge - elbow ( humerus, ulna), interphageal
pivot - proximal radioulnar joints, altantoaxial
condylar - metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joint, wrist joint
saddle - carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
ball & socket - shoulder, hip
knee joint articulating joints, anatomical characteristics, movements allowed, and joint stability
femoropatellar joint - plane joint
-allows gliding motion during knee flexion
lateral & medial tibiofemoral joints - femoral condyles with lateral and medial menisci of tibia,
-allow flexion, extension, and some rotation when knee is partly flexed.
knee stability is provided by fibular/tibial, and popliteal ligaments
knee joint problems
vulnerable to horizontal blows, especially lateral blows to the extended knee
common joint injuries
cartilage tears - knee menisci, tears, and overuse damage of articular joints - usually just stays torn because cartilage is avascular
sprains - ankle, knee, lumbar region of spine - heal slowly
dislocations - bones are forced out of alightment - jaws, fingers, shoulders, thumbs
