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Pathology > Endocrine: Pathoma, BRS, FA > Flashcards

Endocrine: Pathoma, BRS, FA Flashcards

1
Q

Benign tumor of anterior pituitary cells

A

Pituitary Adenoma

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2
Q

May be functional (Hormone-producing) or non-functional

A

Pituitary Adenoma

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3
Q

The nonfunctional version of this presents with mass effect.

A

Pituitary Adenoma

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4
Q

Presents with bitemporal hemianopsia due to compression of optic chiasm

A

Non-functional Pituitary Adenoma

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5
Q

Presents with hypopituitarism due to compression

A

Non-functional Pituitary Adenoma

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6
Q

Presents as galactorrhea and amenorrhea in females

A

Prolactinoma

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7
Q

Presents as decreased libido and headache in males

A

Prolactinoma

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8
Q

Most common pituitary adenoma type

A

Prolactinoma

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9
Q

Treatment is dopamine agonists

A

Prolactinoma

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10
Q

Stains chromophobic

A

Prolactinoma

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11
Q

Tumor with hypersecretion of growth hormone

A

Somatotropic adenoma

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12
Q

Presents as gigantism in children with increased linear bone growth

A

Somatotropic adenoma

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13
Q

Presents as acromegaly in adults (enlarged bones of hands, feet and jaw) and growth of visceral organs

A

Somatotropic adenoma

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14
Q

Cardiac failure most common cause of death

A

Somatotropic adenoma

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15
Q

Presents with enlarged tongue

A

Somatotropic adenoma

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16
Q

Staining is acidophilic

A

Somatotropic adenoma

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17
Q

Results in increased IGF-1 and somatomedin C

A

Somatotropic adenoma

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18
Q

Secondary diabetes mellitus is often seen

A

Somatotropic adenoma

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19
Q

Diagnosed by high GH and IGF-1 levels along with lack of GH suppression by oral glucose

A

Somatotropic adenoma

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20
Q

Treatment is octreotide, GH receptor antagonists or surgery

A

Somatotropic adenoma

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21
Q

Tumor secreting ACTH leading to Cushing syndrome

A

ACTH cell adenoma

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22
Q

Insufficient production of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland

A

Hypopituitarism

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23
Q

Symptoms arise with 75% of parenchyma is lost

A

Hypopituitarism

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24
Q

Generalized pan-hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary Cachexia - Simmonds Disease

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25
Q

Caused by pituitary tumors (adults - adenomas and children - craniopharyngioma) and Sheehan Syndrome

A

Pituitary Cachexia - Simmonds Disease

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26
Q

Pregnancy related infarction of pituitary gland

A

Sheehan Syndrome

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27
Q

Gland doubles in size during pregnancy but blooo supply does not increase.

A

Sheehan Syndrome

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28
Q

Presents as poor lactation, loss of pubic hair, and fatigue

A

Sheehan Syndrome

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29
Q

Congenital defect of the sella

A

Empty Sella Syndrome

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30
Q

Herniation of the arachnoid and CSF into the sella compresses pituitary gland

A

Empty Sella Syndrome

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31
Q

Results in growth retardation (dwarfish) in children

A

Growth Hormone Deficiency

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32
Q

Results in increased insulin sensitivity (hypoglycemia), weakness, and anemia in adults

A

Growth Hormone Deficiency

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33
Q

Results in retarded sexual maturation in children

A

Gonadotropin Deficiency

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34
Q

Results in loss of libido, impotence, loss of muscle & facial hair in men, and amenorrhea and vaginal atrophy in women

A

Gonadotropin Deficiency

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35
Q

Results in secondary hypothyroidism

A

TSH Deficiency

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36
Q

Results in secondary adrenal failure

A

ACTH Deficiency

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37
Q

ADH deficiency

A

Central Diabetes Insipidus

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38
Q

Due to hypothalamic or posterior pituitary pathology

A

Central Diabetes Insipidus

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39
Q

Signs and symptoms all due to loss of free water

A

Central Diabetes Insipidus

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40
Q

Presents with polyuria, polydipsia, hypernatremia, and low urine osmolality

A

Central Diabetes Insipidus

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41
Q

Water deprivation test fails to increase urine osmolality

A

Central Diabetes Insipidus

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42
Q

Treatment is desmopressin

A

Central Diabetes Insipidus

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43
Q

Impaired renal response to ADH

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

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44
Q

Due to inherited mutation to ADH receptor or drugs such as lithium

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

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45
Q

Presents with polyuria, polydipsia, hypernatremia, and low urine osmolality

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

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46
Q

No response to desmopressin

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

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47
Q

Normal ADH levels

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

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48
Q

Water deprivation test fails to increase urine osmolality

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

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49
Q

Due to excessive ADH secretion

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion

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50
Q

Most often due to ectopic production especially small cell carcinoma of the lung

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion

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51
Q

Clinical features are based on retention of free water

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion

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52
Q

Presents with hyponatremia and low serum osmolality

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion

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53
Q

Presents with mental status changes, seizures and cerebral edema

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion

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54
Q

Treatment is free water restriction, demeclocycline, conivaptan, tolvaptan

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion

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55
Q

Serum aldosterone is low

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion

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56
Q

Development of large pituitary adenomas following bilateral adrenalectomy due to loss of feeback inhibition on growth of pre-existing pituitary microadenomas

A

Nelson Syndrome

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57
Q

Cystic dilatation of thyroglossal duct remnant

A

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

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58
Q

Presents as anterior neck mass

A

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

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59
Q

Most common thyroid congenital anomaly

A

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

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60
Q

Persistence of thyroid tissue at base of tongue

A

Lingual Thyroid

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61
Q

Presents as base of tongue mass

A

Lingual Thyroid

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62
Q

Increased level of circulating thyroid hormone

A

Hyperthyroidism

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63
Q

Presents with increase in basal metabolic rate (increased ATPase synthesis)

A

Hyperthyroidism

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64
Q

Presents with increase symapthetic nervous system activity (Increased Beta1-receptors)

A

Hyperthyroidism

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65
Q

Autoantibody IgG stimulates TSH receptor (Type II HS)

A

Graves Disease

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66
Q

Most common cause of hyperthyroidism

A

Graves Disease

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67
Q

Presents most commonly in women of childbearing age (20-40)

A

Graves Disease

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68
Q

Increased incidence in HLA-DR3 and HLA-B8 positive individuals

A

Graves Disease

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69
Q

Presents with a diffuse goiter

A

Graves Disease

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70
Q

Presents with exophthalmos and pretibial myxedema due to TSH receptors in orbit and shin that produce glycosaminoglycan

A

Graves Disease

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71
Q

Irregular follicles with scalloped colloid seen on histology

A

Graves Disease

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72
Q

Lab findings: Increased total and free T4 with Hypocholesterolemia, Increased serum glucose
decreased TSH

A

Graves Disease

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73
Q

Fatal complication of Grave’s Disease

A

Thyroid Storm

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74
Q

Due to elevated catecholamines and massive hormone excess in response to stress.

A

Thyroid Storm

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75
Q

Presents as arrhythmia, hyperthermia, and vomiting with hypovolemic shock

A

Thyroid Storm

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76
Q

Treat with 3 P’s: Propranolol, Propylthiouracil, and Prednisolone

A

Thyroid Storm

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77
Q

Combination of hyperthryoidism, nodular goiter, and absence of exophthalmos

A

Plummer Disease

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78
Q

Teratoma made up of thyroid tissue

A

Struma ovarii

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79
Q

Due to relative iodine deficiency

A

Multinodular Goiter

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80
Q

Nontoxic, but can become TSH-independent over time.

A

Multinodular Goiter

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81
Q

Follicular cells working independent of TSH due to mutation in TSH receptor

A

Toxic Multinodular Goiter

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82
Q

Increased release of T3 and T4

A

Toxic Multinodular Goiter

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83
Q

Thyrotoxicosis if a patient with iodine deficiency goiter is made iodine replete

A

Jod-Basedow Phenomenon

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84
Q

Hypothyroidism in neonates and infants

A

Cretinism

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85
Q

Presents as 6 P’s: Pot-bellied, Pale, Puffy face, Protruding umbilicus, Protuberant tongue, and Poor Brain development

A

Cretinism

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86
Q

Causes: Maternal hypothyroidsm during pregnancy, thyroid agenesis, dyshormonogenetic goiter, and iodine deficiency

A

Cretinism

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87
Q

Most common cause in US is thyroid dysgenesis

A

Cretinism

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88
Q

Congenital defect in thyroid hormone production, usually with thyroid peroxidase

A

Dyshormonogenetic goiter

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89
Q

Hypothyroidism in older children or adults

A

Myxedema

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90
Q

Presents with myxedema, weight gain, cold intolerance, slow mentally

A

Myxedema

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91
Q

Common causes: Iodine deficiency, Hashimoto Thyroiditis, therapy for hyperthyroidism, and primary idiopathic

A

Myxedema

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92
Q

Decreased serum free T4 & T3. Increased serum TSH. Hypercholesterolemia

A

Hypothyroidism

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93
Q

Most common cause of hypothyroidism in regions with normal iodine nutrition

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

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94
Q

Autoimmune destruction of thyroid gland associated with HLA-DR5

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

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95
Q

Initially presents as hyperthyroidism due to follicle damage

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

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96
Q

Anti-TSH-R, Anti-thyroglobulin and antithyroid peroxidase antibodies are often present

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

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97
Q

Chronic inflammation with germinal centers and Hurthle cells are seen

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

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98
Q

Increased risk for B-Cell (Marginal zone) Lymphoma

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

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99
Q

Finding: Nontender but enlarged thyroid

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

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100
Q

Follows a viral infection

A

Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis (De Quervain)

101
Q

Presents as tender thyroid with transient hyperthyroidism

A

Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis (De Quervain)

102
Q

Self-limited hypothyroidism is seen

A

Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis (De Quervain)

103
Q

More common in women

A

Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis (De Quervain)

104
Q

Chronic inflammation with extensive fibrosis of thyroid gland

A

Reidel Fibrosing Thyroiditis

105
Q

Presents as hypothyroidism with ‘hard as wood’ non tender thyroid gland

A

Reidel Fibrosing Thyroiditis

106
Q

Fibrosis may extend to local structures such as an airway

A

Reidel Fibrosing Thyroiditis

107
Q

Manifestation of IgG4-related systemic disease

A

Reidel Fibrosing Thyroiditis

108
Q

Clinically mimics anaplastic carcinoma, but patients are younger with this and malignant cells are absent.

A

Reidel Fibrosing Thyroiditis

109
Q

Benign proliferation of follicles surrounded by a fibrous capsule

A

Follicular Adenoma

110
Q

Nonfunctional usually but can secrete thyroid hormone

A

Follicular Adenoma

111
Q

Most common type of thyroid carcinoma

A

Papillary Carcinoma

112
Q

Exposure to ionizing radiation in childhood is a major risk factor

A

Papillary Carcinoma

113
Q

Comprised of papillae lined by cells with clear “Orphan-Annie eye” or “Ground-glass” nuclei and nuclear grooves.

A

Papillary Carcinoma

114
Q

Often associated with psammoma bodies

A

Papillary Carcinoma

115
Q

Often spreads to cervical lymph nodes, but prognosis is excellent

A

Papillary Carcinoma

116
Q

Associated with a change in chromosome 10 forming a RET-PTC fusion gene that acts as tyrosine kinase

A

Papillary Carcinoma

117
Q

Associated with mutations in B-type Ras Kinase (BRAF)

A

Papillary Carcinoma

118
Q

Malignant proliferation of follicles (uniformly shaped) surrounded by a fibrous capsule with invasion through the capsule

A

Follicular Carcinoma

119
Q

Cannot be distinguished from follicular adenoma by FNA

A

Follicular Carcinoma

120
Q

Metastasis through the blood

A

Follicular Carcinoma

121
Q

Prognosis is good but not as good as papillary carcinoma

A

Follicular Carcinoma

122
Q

Malignant proliferation of parafollicular C Cells

A

Medullary Carcinoma

123
Q

Results in high levels of Calcitonin being produced causing hypocalcemia

A

Medullary Carcinoma

124
Q

Biopsy reveals sheets of malignant cells in an amyloid stroma

A

Medullary Carcinoma

125
Q

Familial cases are due to multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A and 2B

A

Medullary Carcinoma

126
Q

Associated with medullary carcinoma, pheochromocytoma and parathyroid adenomas

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2A

127
Q

Associated with medullary carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and ganglioneuromas of oral mucosa

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2B

128
Q

Sporadic and familial forms are both associated with RET oncogene mutation

A

Medullary Carcinoma

129
Q

Undifferentiated malignant tumor thyroid in elderly

A

Anaplastic Carcinoma

130
Q

Often invades structures leading to dysphagia or respiratory compromise

A

Anaplastic Carcinoma

131
Q

Poor prognosis.

A

Anaplastic Carcinoma

132
Q

Excess PTH due to a disorder of a parthyroid gland

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

133
Q

Most common cause is a parathyroid adenoma

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

134
Q

SPoradic parathyroid hyperplasia and parathyroid carcinoma are less common causes

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

135
Q

MOst often presents as asymptomatic hypercalcemia

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

136
Q

Can also present with groans (constipation), stones (hypercalciuria), bones (osteitis fibrosa cystica), and psychiatric overtones (depression)

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

137
Q

Lab findings: Increased PTH, increased serum calcium, decrease serum phosphate, increase urinary cAMP, and increase serum alkaline phosphatase

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

138
Q

Also will present with ab or flank pain due to kidney stones or acute pancreatitis and also peptic ulcers

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

139
Q

Cystic bone spaces filled with brown fibrous tissue

A

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

140
Q

Also known as Von Recklinghausen disease of bone

A

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

141
Q

Excess production of PTH due to a disease process extrinci to parathyroid gland

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

142
Q

Most common cause is chronic renal failure

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

143
Q

Lab findings: Increased PTH, decreased serum calcium, increased serum phosphate, and increase alkaline phosphatase.

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

144
Q

This occurs in spite of correction of hypocalcemia and pre-existing secondary hyperparathyroidism from chronic renal disease

A

Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism

145
Q

Lab findings: Extremely high PTH and increased Calcium

A

Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism

146
Q

Cause is development of an adenoma in a previously hyperplastic gland

A

Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism

147
Q

Impaired hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol

A

Vitamin D-dependent rickets

148
Q

Decreased absorption of calcium and increased PTH secretion

A

Vitamin D-dependent rickets

149
Q

Causes include autoimmune damage, surgical excision, and DiGeorge Syndrome

A

Hypoparathyroidism

150
Q

Findings: Muscle spasms when using blood pressure cuff (Trousseau sign) or tapping on facial nerve (Chvostek sign)

A

Hypoparathyroidism

151
Q

Labs reveal decreased PTH and decrease serum calcium

A

Hypoparathyroidism

152
Q

Also known as Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy

A

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

153
Q

Autosomal dominant unresponsiveness of kidney to PTH

A

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

154
Q

Findings: Shortened fourth and fifth metacarpals and metatarsals, short stature, and hypocalcemia

A

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

155
Q

Due to a mutation in GNAS1 that encodes G proteins that respond to hormones

A

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

156
Q

Selective paternal imprinting results in a mother passing on a mutated GNAS1 to her offspring

A

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

157
Q

Skeletal abnormalities without hormone dysfunction due to transmission of mutant paternal GNAS1 allele

A

Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

158
Q

Excess Cortisol

A

Cushing Syndrome

159
Q

Findings: Muscle weakness, moon facies, buffalo hump, and truncal obesity, abdominal striae, osteoporosis, hypertension, hyperglycemia

A

Cushing Syndrome

160
Q

Causes: Exogenous corticosteroids (bilateral adrenal atrophy), primary adrenal tumor, ACTH-secreting tumor (bilateral adrenal hyperplasia), and paraneo-plastic ACTH secretion (bilateral adrenal hyperplasia)

A

Cushing Syndrome

161
Q

When caused by a adrenal tumor, this can’t be suppressed by exogenous adrenal steroids

A

Cushing Syndrome

162
Q

When caused by a pituitary tumor, this can be suppressed by exogenous adrenal steroids

A

Cushing Syndrome

163
Q

Hypercorticism due to a corticotropic adenoma of pituitary or multiple very small pituitary adenomas.

A

Cushing Disease

164
Q

Excess Aldosterone

A

Hyperaldosteronism

165
Q

Presents as hypertension due to sodium retention, hypkalemia,a nd metabolic alkalosis

A

Hyperaldosteronism

166
Q

Aldosterone Secreting Adrenal Adenoma

A

Conn Syndrome

167
Q

Most commonly due to sporadic adrenal hyperplasia. But also can be caused by adrenal adenoma (aldosteronoma) and adrenal carcinoma

A

Primary Hyperaldosteronism

168
Q

Characterized by high aldosterone and low renin

A

Primary Hyperaldosteronism

169
Q

Seen in activation of RAS due to CHF or renovascular hypertension

A

Secondary Hyperaldosteronism

170
Q

Characterized by high aldosterone and high renin

A

Secondary Hyperaldosteronism

171
Q

Excess specific adrenal hormones with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

A

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

172
Q

Deficiency in cortisol and mineralcorticoids with an increase in sex hormones.

A

21-hydroxylase Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

173
Q

Presents with hypotension and hyperkalemia and clitoral enlargement or precocious puberty

A

21-hydroxylase Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

174
Q

Presents with increased mineralocorticoids and decreased cortisol and decreased sex hormones

A

17-alpha-hydroxylase Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

175
Q

Presents with hypertension and Hypokalemia

A

17-alpha-hydroxylase Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

176
Q

Presents with low-renin hypertension

A

11-Beta-hydroxylase Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

177
Q

Presents with decreased aldosterone and cortisol, but an increase in aldosterone pre-cursors causing hypertension

A

11-Beta-hydroxylase Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

178
Q

Functional and are components of MEN1, Carney Complex, and McCune-Albright Syndrome

A

Adrenocortical Adenoma

179
Q

Functional and associated with Li Fraumeni and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

A

Adrenocortical Carcinomas

180
Q

Lack of adrenal hormones

A

Adrenal Insufficiency

181
Q

Acute insufficiency of adrenal hormones

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

182
Q

Hemorrhagic necrosis of adrenal glands due to DIC in young children with N meningitidis infection (meningococcemia)

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

183
Q

Lack of cortisol exacerbates hypotension leading to death

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

184
Q

Progressive destruction of adrenal glands resulting in chronic insufficiency of adrenal hormones

A

Addison disease

185
Q

Caused by autoimmune destruction most commonly in the West

A

Addison disease

186
Q

Caused by TB most commonly in the developing world

A

Addison disease

187
Q

Can be caused by metastatic carcinoma or infections

A

Addison disease

188
Q

Clinical features: hypotension, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, hyperkalemia, weakness, and hyperpigmentation

A

Addison disease

189
Q

Increased ACTH and MSH

A

Addison disease

190
Q

Most common tumor adrenal medulla in children

A

Neuroblastoma

191
Q

Originates from neural crest cells

A

Neuroblastoma

192
Q

Presents as abdominal distention with firm, irregular mass that can cross the midline.

A

Neuroblastoma

193
Q

Presents with Homovanillic acid in the urine

A

Neuroblastoma

194
Q

Bombesin positive

A

Neuroblastoma

195
Q

Associated with overexpression of M-Myc oncogene

A

Neuroblastoma

196
Q

Tumor of chromaffin cells

A

Pheochromocytoma

197
Q

Clinical features due to increased catecholamines: Hypertension, headache, palpitations, tachycardia and sweating

A

Pheochromocytoma

198
Q

Diagnosed by increased serum metanphrines and increased 24-hour urine metanephrines and vanillylmandelic acid.

A

Pheochromocytoma

199
Q

Rule of 10%’s: 10% malignant, 10% bilateral, 10% extra-adrenal, 10% calcify, 10% kids

A

Pheochromocytoma

200
Q

Most common tumor of renal medulla in adults

A

Pheochromocytoma

201
Q

Phenoxybenzamine is administered perioperatively to prevent hypertensive crisis

A

Pheochromocytoma

202
Q

Insulin deficiency leading to a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

203
Q

Due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells by T lymphocytes

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

204
Q

Characterized by inflammation of islets

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

205
Q

Associated with HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

206
Q

Manifests in childhood

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

207
Q

Signs: High serum glucose, weight loss, low muscle mass, polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, glycosuria

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

208
Q

Risk for ketoacidosis characterized by excessive serum ketones

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

209
Q

Arises with stress in which glucagon release causes increased lipolysis to increase FFA’s which are turned into ketone bodies

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

210
Q

Results in hypoglycemia, anion gap metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalemia

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

211
Q

Presents with Kussmaul respirations, dehydration, flu-like, and fruity smelling breath.

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

212
Q

Insulin treatment is always necessary

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

213
Q

Severe glucose intolerance but high insulin sensitivity

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

214
Q

End-organ insulin resistance leading to a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

215
Q

Most common type of diabetes

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

216
Q

Arises in middle-aged obese adults (obesity decreases receptors)

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

217
Q

Strong genetic pre-disposition exists

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

218
Q

Insulin levels are increased early, but later due to beta-islet cell exhaustion, will be decreased

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

219
Q

Amyloid (amylin) deposition in islets.

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

220
Q

Low glucose intolerance and low insulin sensitivity

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

221
Q

Risk for hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma (super high glucose)

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

222
Q

Autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by mild hypglycemia and hyposecretion of insulin bu no loss of beta cells

A

Maturity-Onset Diabetes Mellitus of the Young

223
Q

Insulitis marked by lymphocytic infiltration

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

224
Q

Nonenzymatic glycosylation of large vessel vascular basement membranes leads to atherosclerosis

A

Diabetes

225
Q

Nonenzymatic glycosylation of small vessel vascular basement membranes leads to hyaline arteriolosclerosis

A

Diabetes

226
Q

Preferential involvement of efferent arterioles leads to glomerular hyperfiltration injury that progresses to nephrotic syndrome (Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules)

A

Diabetes

227
Q

Cataract formation, peripheral neuropathy, xanthomas, and abscesses are common

A

Diabetes

228
Q

Component of MEN1 along with parathyroid hyperplasia and pituitary adenomas

A

Islet Cell Tumor

229
Q

Present as episodic hypoglycemia with mental status changes that are relieved by administration of glucose (Whipple triad)

A

Insulinoma

230
Q

Diagnosed by decreased serum glucose levels, increased insulin, and increased C-peptide

A

Insulinoma

231
Q

Present as treatment resistant peptic ulcers that extend to duodenum and jejunum.

A

Gastrinoma

232
Q

Known as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

A

Gastrinoma

233
Q

Known as an alpha cell tumor

A

Glucagonoma

234
Q

Results in secondary diabetes mellitus

A

Glucagonoma

235
Q

Causes skin lesion called necrolytic migratory erythema

A

Glucagonoma

236
Q

Endocrine tumor marked by secretion of vasoactiv eintestinal peptide

A

VIPoma

237
Q

Associated with “Watery diarrhea, Hypokalemia, and Achlorhydria (WDHA)”

A

VIPoma

238
Q

Also known Verner-Morrison syndrome or pancreatic cholera

A

VIPoma

239
Q

Also known as Wermer Syndrome

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1

240
Q

Hyperplasias or tumors of pituitary, parathyroid, or pancreatic islets (3P’s)

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1

241
Q

Pancreatic portion presents as Zollinger-Ellison, hyperinsulinism, or pancreatic cholera

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1

242
Q

Linked to mutations in MEN I gene

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1

243
Q

Commonly presents with kidney stones and stomach ulcers

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1

244
Q

Known as Sipple Syndrome

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2A

245
Q

Presents with Parathyroid hyperplasia and Pheochromocytoma (2P’s) Also includes medullary thyroid carcinoma

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2A

246
Q

Linked to mutations in ret oncogene

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2A

247
Q

Pheochromocytoma (1P) and also medullary thyroid carcinoma and mucosal neuromas.

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2B

248
Q

Linked to mutations in ret oncogene

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2B

Pathology (36 decks)

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