1st Semester Exam Review Flashcards by Ashley McComber

3 primary reasons for early civilizations to interact with the ocean

Food, trade, discovering new lands

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Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ➡️ C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Sponges feed by

Circulating water through their body. Most food is digested by amebocytes

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Archaeocytes vs choanocytes

Choanocytes have flagella that move food

Archaeocytes circulate food and water

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Scientist

Someone who uses the process of science to find answers about how and why things work in the world and universe

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How much have humans explored the ocean?

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Marine science

The process of discovering facts and processes that explain the ocean, it’s life forms, and it’s interaction with other earth systems

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What made true exploration of the ocean possible

Technology

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Science

Body of knowledge and method to gain knowledge about the observable universe

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Hypothesis

Educated guess that you can test

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Theory

Scientific explanation eith observable evidence to support it

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Phoenician contributions?

Established the first trade route throughout the Mediterranean and as far north as Great Britain

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Significance of Polynesian seafaring?

Earliest regular, long distance, open ocean seafaring

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Parallel is another name for

Latitude lines

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The 0 degree parallel is called

Equator

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Meridian is another name for

Longitude lines

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2 technological innovations found in Chinese ships by the mid 1400s were

Central rudders, watertight compartments

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Primary motivations for ocean explorations of the 15th century

Economics, politics, religion

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Change that led to growth and expansion of marine science in the 20th century was primarily

Science and technology of the industrial revolution

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Noted discovery made by the second H. M.S. Challenger was

Finding the deepest part of the ocean (Mariana’s trench)

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AUVs

Untethered with own power source, piloted by onboard computer

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ROV

Unmanned ship with propellers

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Pelagic vs benthic

Sea vs depths of the sea

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Photic zone

Lighted region of ocean where photosynthesis occurs

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Plankton

Plants/animals that exist adrift in ocean currents

Nekton

Organisms that swim

Neuston

Float on surface ex: Portuguese man of war

Primary consumer

Organism that eats autotroph

Secondary consumer

Eats primary consumer

How much available energy transfers from each level of the trophic pyramid to the next

10%

Zooplankton

Feed on phytoplankton and smaller zooplankton

Holdfast

Attaches kelp to rock

Stipe

Connects to the blade

Air bladders

Keep leaf blades floating toward surface to receive sunlight

Term that means separate sexes

Dioecious

Two classes of cnidarian that spend their adult stage in polyp body form?

Hydrozoan and Anthozoan

Produces a Calcium carbonate cup or skeleton in which it lives

Hard coral

How does science progress?

Technology and disproving theories

What contributions did the Egyptians make to navigation circa 3200 BC?

First recorded voyage

First expedition around the world was led by who, when?

Magellan, 1519-1522

Darwins hypothesis explains that coral reefs form through a process of coral growth as

The sea floor subsides

Expedition commonly recognized as the first developed entirely to marine science is

Challenger expedition

Benefits of gps on seafaring and oceanography?

Navigation more accurate

Autotroph

Makes its own food

Heterotroph

Must consume food

Nekton

Organisms that swim (fish, sharks, etc)

Organisms that live on the sea bottom

Epifauna, epiflora

Organisms that live buried or partially buried in sea bottom

Infauna

Cellular respiration

Converting glucose into a usable energy form

Most primary production in the sea from

Phytoplankton

Diatom is an organism characterized by

She'll made of silica

Trophic pyramid

Energy transfers from one level of organisms to the next as they consume each other

A good web better represents the flow of energy in nature than a trophic pyramid because

It shows more detail

Decomposition is essential to life because

Organic material is broken down into inorganic material

The bioluminescent phytoplankton Noctiluca and the red tide organism Karenia breve are found in which group?

Dinoflagellates

What might affect phytoplankton growth rates?

Clarity, salinity, available nutrients

Meroplankton

Spend part of their life as plankton

Holoplankton

Spend entire life as plankton

Outer transparent case of the diatom is composed of what material?

Silica

What's the cause of loss of salt marsh, mangrove, and other estuarine habitat?

Construction

Larval stages of starfish, barnacles, and crabs belong to which type of plankton?

Zooplankton, meroplankton

Examples of low energy shorelines where salt marshes can be found?

Bay, bayou, sound

Estuary

Salt and freshwater meet

Prop roots or drop roots are found on the

Red mangrove

Why are estuaries important?

Nursery for juvenile fish

Zooxanthellae is

Mutualistic algae

Separate sexes

Dioecious

Two classes of Cnidaria that spend their adult stage as polyps?

Hydrozoa, Anthozoa

Nematocysts

Coiled, harpoon like stinger inside cnidocyte

Which organism produces a calcium carbonate cup or skeleton in which it lives?

Hard coral polyp

Ephyra

Juvenile medusa

What type of relationship between the coral animal and the algae that lives within its tissue?

Mutualistic

Planula

Ciliates larval stage of jellyfish

Which organism can move by sliding on its pedal disc?

Anemone

How many rows of comb plates are found on comb jellies?

What is the nerve net found on jellyfish?

Nervous system

What hydrozoan is actually a colony of special polyps that depend on each other for survival?

Portuguese man of war

What type of symmetry is exhibited by Cnidarians?

Radial

What type of symmetry is exhibited in sponges?

Asymmetric

The cell that secretes and encloses the nematocyst on Cnidarians

Cnidocyte

Collapse of the canal and structure of a sponge is prevented by what?

Spicules

Organisms which can reproduce both sexually and asexually are called?

Monoecious

How do sponges reproduce?

Budding, gemmules, sexual

Internal cavity or inner chamber of the sponge

Spongocoel

Classes of the Porifera phylum are separated based on what?

Spicules

Water enters a sponge through what?

Ostia

Sponges feed on

Bacteria, algae, protozoans, detritus

Only true system found on sponges?

Skeletal

Sponge sex cells leave the sponge by way of the

Excurrent flow

Oscula

Large opening in a sponge where wastes exit

Skeletal structures of sponges are composed of

Calcium carbonate, spicules, spongin, silicon dioxide

Possible uses for sponge toxin?

- temper rejection of organ transplant - slow or stop growth of anger cells - anti-inflammatory

1st Semester Exam Review Flashcards

(92 cards)