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Marine Science > Chapter 1 & 2 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Test Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What is a scientist?

A

Someone who uses the processes of science to find answers about how and why work in the world and observable universe

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2
Q

What is science?

A

Body of knowledge and method to gain knowledge about the observable universe

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3
Q

Why is the ocean important to humans?

A

World climate patterns
Weather
The ocean supplies natural resources, such as oil

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4
Q

How much of the ocean have humans actually explored?

A

All of the surface, but little of what’s underneath (5%)

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5
Q

List the 4 branches of oceanography

A

Biological
Chemical
Physical
Geological

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6
Q

Describe biological oceanography

A

Studies diversity in the ocean, how life influences Earth systems, and ocean’s role as a habitat

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7
Q

Describe chemical oceanography

A

Studies chemistry of seawater

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8
Q

Describe physical oceanography

A

Studies ocean’s influence on weather, climate, water movements

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9
Q

Describe geological oceanography

A

Studies geology of the ocean

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10
Q

Why was true exploration of the ocean not possible until about five decades ago?

A

The technology wasn’t good enough to allow it

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11
Q

Name some professions that draw on marine science

A

Politicians, civil engineers, marine architects, and astronauts

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12
Q

What is marine science?

A

Process of discovering facts and processes that explain the ocean, its life forms, and its interaction with other Earth systems

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13
Q

What is technology?

A

Material system that produces intended results

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14
Q

What is the first step of the scientific method?

A

Identify a problem/ask a question

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15
Q

What is this question based on?

A

Observations

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16
Q

What are the two forms of questions?

A

1) ask what process led to a set of facts

2) ask what set of facts you would observe if a process took place

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17
Q

What is the second step of the scientific method?

A

Make a hypothesis

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18
Q

What is required of a hypothesis?

A

Has to be testable

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19
Q

What’s the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?

A
  • inductive: proposes how something happens

- deductive:proposes what would be observed if something happened

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20
Q

What is the third step of the scientific method?

A

Test the hypothesis

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21
Q

What is an experiment?

A

Objective test of hypothesis with observable results

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22
Q

What is data?

A

Set of facts derived from direct observation

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23
Q

What is the fourth step of the scientific method?

Study These Flashcards
A

Analyze results

24
Q

What is the fifth step in the scientific method?

Study These Flashcards
A

Report results

25
Why is reporting your results so important?
Allows other scientists to confirm and replicate your work
26
What are the 4 stages of history of marine science?
1) Ancient uses and explorations 2) The Middle Ages 3) European voyages of discovery 4) Birth/ growth of modern marine sciences
27
What are the 3 reasons early civilizations interacted with the ocean?
1) food gathering 2) trade (economics) 3) discovery of new lands
28
When and by who was the earliest recorded voyage?
3200 BC by Egyptian Pharaoh Snefru
29
What did the Phoenicians do?
Established first trade routes thorough out the Mediterranean and as far as Great Britain
30
What were senses used by ancient explorers?
Sight, smell, hearing
31
The Polynesians
Crossed thousands of miles of open ocean in dugout canoes, colonizing the islands of the South Pacific
32
The Vikings
Discovered Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland, where Leif erikkson actually landed in North America
33
The Chinese
We're responsible for inventing magnetic compass around 1125. Central rudders and watertight compartments allowed them to take long voyages
34
What was the purpose of the Christopher Columbus voyages?
Find a route to Asia
35
Where did Christopher Columbus actually land?
A Caribbean island
36
What did Amerigo Vespucci do?
Explored east coast of South America and mouth of Amazon river - credited with recognizing South American as a new continent - America is named after him
37
Ferdinand Magellan
- commanded the first expedition to sail around the world | - perished in Philippines in a fight with islanders
38
Cook's expeditions
First expeditions devoted to methodical, scientific oceanography
39
Geographic discoveries of cook's expeditions
Discovered the Hawaiian islands, South Pacific island
40
What did the chronometer do?
Allowed sailors to determine their exact position out of sight of land by allowing them to keep time
41
Wilkes expedition
Proved existence of Antarctica
42
Matthew Maury
Published and produced detailed works of sea navigation and his journeys
43
Darwin and H.M.S. Beagle
- Observations led him to propose natural selection and theory of evolution - proposed that coral reefs grow upward in shallow warm water
44
Accomplishments of the challenger expedition
1) took first soundings deeper than 4,000 meters 2) captured biological samples in midwater and along the bottom with towed device 3) discovered marine organisms in deepest parts of ocean
45
The meteor
-used echo sounding to map the Atlantic sea floor and also discovered global patterns of ocean water circulation, nutrient dispersal, plankton growth
46
The Atlantis
First ship specifically designed and built for ocean studies
47
Challenger II
Depths of Atlantic, pacific, Indian Ocean were measured | -oct 1951: Mariana Trench (Challenger Deep) was located and mapped
48
Bathysphere
Steel ball with a window | -allowed first deep sea visits, raised/lowered by a "mother ship"
49
Bathyscaphes
(Trieste) descended to bottom of challenger deep | -sphere attached to large float and raised/lowered with ballast and a liquid buoyant
50
Jacques Cousteau
Introduced first practical scuba gear
51
ROVs
Remotely Operated Vehicles | -unmanned sub with propellers
52
AUVs
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles - untethered, with own power source - piloted by onboard computer
53
LORAN
Uses low frequency radio transmitters to determine location and speed of receiver
54
Satellites
Global climate, sea surface temperature, ocean currents, algal blooms, pollution, and many other phenomena are tracked by satellites
55
Eratosthenes
Calculated circumference of earth and invented first lat/long system

Marine Science (12 decks)

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