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Anatomy > 1st year general > Flashcards

1st year general Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the body?

A

206

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2
Q

What are the names of the two parts of the skeleton?

A

Axial

Appendicular

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3
Q

What skeletal bones have gender differences?

A 
Supraorbital ridge
Mastoid process
Chin
Carrying angle (more acute in females)
Q angle (wider in females)
Tilted sacrum (females)
Pelvic outlet (larger in females)
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4
Q

Why is anatomical position important?

A

Point of reference no matter what position the body is in.

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5
Q

What does cranial/rostral mean?

A

Closer to head

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6
Q

What does caudal mean?

A

Closer to feet

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7
Q

What are the 4 main planes?

A

Medial
Sagittal
Frontal (coronal)
Transverse

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8
Q

What is the level of the sternal angle?

A

T4 and 5

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9
Q

What level is the summit of the iliac crest?

A

L4

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10
Q

What level is the xiphisternal joint?

A

T9

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11
Q

What forms the upper limb girdle?

A

Clavicle and scapula

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12
Q

What forms the lower limb girdle?

A

Pelvis and sacrum

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13
Q

What bones make up the pelvis?

A

Ileum
Ischium
Pubis

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14
Q

What is the composition of bone?

A

Compact
Spongy
Marrow cavity

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15
Q

What is periosteum?

A

Surrounds compact bone

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16
Q

What are the two types of bone growth?

A

Appositional

Interstitial

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17
Q

What is appositional bone growth?

A

Increases width

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18
Q

What is interstitial bone growth?

A

Increase height

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19
Q

Name 5 types of bone.

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

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20
Q

What are condyles?

A

Smooth articulations with another bone

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21
Q

What attaches to epicondyles?

A

Muscle, tendon and ligaments

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22
Q

Describe the main landmarks of the humerus.

A

Head
Neck (surgical and anatomical)
Greater and lesser tuberosities

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23
Q

What type of joints are cervical vertebrae?

A

Synovial plane

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24
Q

Name the two types of bone ossification.

A

Intramembranous

Endochondrial

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25
Q

Where does intramembranous ossification take place?

A

Flat bones of skull, face, jaw and centre of clavicle

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26
Q

Where does endochondrial ossification take place?

A

Initial hyaline cartilage replaced by bone e.g most ling b ones, sternum, ribs, vertebrae

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27
Q

What kind of joints are found in carpal bones?

A

Synovial plane

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28
Q

What kind of joints are found at the elbow and knee?

A

Synovial and hinge

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29
Q

What kind of joint is found at the superior and inferior radioulnar joint?

A

Synovial pivot

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30
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder and hip?

A

Synovial ball and socket

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31
Q

Name a fibrocartilaginous joint.

A

IV disc

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32
Q

Name a fibrous joint.

A

Suture

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33
Q

What type of joint is the wrist?

A

Synovial ellipsoid

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34
Q

What kind of joint is the symphysis?

A

Secondary cartilaginous

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35
Q

What are secondary cartilaginous joints made of?

A

Fibrocartilage and hyaline

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36
Q

What kind of joint is as synchondrosis?

A

Primary cartilaginous

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37
Q

Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint.

A

Long bones

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38
Q

What kind of joint is the Atlanta-axial joint?

A

Pivot

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39
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Flat, thin and broad muscle made of dense regular CT

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40
Q

How many joints does the biceps cross?

A

2 (potentially 3)

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41
Q

How many joints does the brachioradialis cross?

A

1 (potentially 2)

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42
Q

Describe the movement of the diaphragm.

A

Descends on contraction and ascend on relaxation (increase thoracic volume)

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43
Q

Name two antagonistic muscles.

A

Biceps and triceps

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44
Q

Name two synergistic muscles.

A

Brachialis and brachioradialis

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45
Q

How are muscles compartmentalised?

A

By deep facial inter muscular septa

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46
Q

What innervates arm and forearm muscles?

A

Brachial plexus

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47
Q

What innervates thigh and leg muscles?

A

Lumbosacral plexus

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48
Q

At what level is the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

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49
Q

At what level is the lumbosacral plexus?

A

L1-S4

50
Q

What lies posteriorly in the motor unit?

A

Dorsal root

51
Q

What type of fibres does the dorsal root contain?

A

Sensory

52
Q

What type of fibres does the ventral root contain?

A

Motor

53
Q

What type of fibres does the dorsal ramus contain?

A

Sensory and motor

54
Q

What type of fibres does the ventral rams contain?

A

Sensory and motor

55
Q

Where do nerves of the ventral ramus supply?

A

Anterolateral

56
Q

Where do nerves of the dorsal ramus supply?

A

Posterior

57
Q

If there is a lesion on the dorsal ganglion, what would be affected?

A

Loss of sensation at front and back

58
Q

If there was a lesion on the ventral ramus, what would be lost?

A

Sensory and motor loss anterolateral

59
Q

If there was a lesion on the ventral root, what would be lost?

A

All motor and sympathetic control

60
Q

Where are intercostal nerves from?

A

Ventral ramus

61
Q

Where is the subcostal nerve?

A

Below last rib (T12)

62
Q

What do the intercostal nerves innervate?

A

Intercostal muscles and anterior wall

63
Q

Where is the T2 dermatome located?

A

Sternomanubrial joint

64
Q

What dermatome covers the nipples?

A

T4

65
Q

What dermatome covers the umbilicus?

A

T10

66
Q

What dermatome covers the lumbar/inguinal region?

A

L1

67
Q

What dermatome covers the xiphoid process?

A

T5-6

68
Q

Describe the anatomy of nerves starting from the axon.

A
  • Axon covered with endoneurium
  • Lots of axons makeup a fascicle which is covered by perineurium
  • Lots of fasciculi and blood vessels are surrounded by epineurium
69
Q

Describe the structure of the vertebrae.

A

Spinous process posteriorly
Transvers process laterally
Lamina between spinous and transverse process
Peduncle between vertebral body and transverse process
Vertebral foramen in centre

70
Q

What are the facets of the vertebrae?

A

Superior costal
Transverse costal
Inferior costal
Articular

71
Q

What does the transverse costal facet articulate with?

A

Tubercle of rib

72
Q

What lies in the vertebral foramen?

A

Spinal cord

73
Q

What lies in the intervertebral foramen?

A

Spinal nerves

74
Q

What type of joint lies within the bodies of adjacent vertebrae?

A

Secondary cartilaginous

75
Q

what type of joint lies between the articular facets of adjacent vertebrae?

A

Synovial plane

76
Q

How many of each vertebrae are there?

A 
C7
T12
L5
S5
C4
77
Q

What is C1 called?

A

Atlas

78
Q

What is C2 called?

A

Axis

79
Q

What is C7 called?

A

Vertebra prominens

80
Q

Describe the shape of the vertebral foramen in each vertebrae?

A 
Cervical = large and triangle
Thoracic = circular and small
Lumbar = triangular
81
Q

Describe the shape of the vertebral body in each vertebrae?

A 
Cervical = small and wide
Thoracic = heart
Lumbar = kidney
82
Q

What vertebrae have long and slender transverse processes?

A

Lumbar

83
Q

What vertebrae have long posterior and inferior spinous processes?

A

Thoracic

84
Q

What vertebrae have a bifid spinous process?

A

Cervical

85
Q

Describe the structure of the IV disc.

A 
Centre = nucleus pulposus
Laterally = annulus fibrosus
86
Q

What are the main ligaments of the vertebral (spinal) column.

A 
Anterior longitudinal
Posterior longitudinal
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament 
Supraspinous
87
Q

What is the normal curvature of the spine?

A

Lordosis -> kyphosis -> lordosis (lumbar)

88
Q

What developmental change in neonates result in secondary curvature?

A

Cervical - hold head

Lumbar - begin to walk/sit up

89
Q

What happens to spine curvatures during pregnancy?

A

Exaggerated

90
Q

In what plane are the articular facets of cervical vertebrae?

A

Transverse

91
Q

In what plane are the articular facets of thoracic vertebrae?

A

Coronal

92
Q

In what plane are the articular facets of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Saggital

93
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in an adult?

A

L1

94
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in a child?

A

L3

95
Q

What are the layers of the meninges surrounding the spinal cord starting from the spinal cord?

A

Pia -> Arcahnoid -> Dura

96
Q

What is a sentinel lymph node?

A

Hypothetical first lymph node during cancer

97
Q

Where is the thoracic duct located?

A

Between the azygous vein and the aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall
-> it then crosses thoracic vertebral bodies to the left side

98
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Left side and legs

99
Q

Where does the thoracic duct commence?

A

Cysterna chyli at L1

100
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Into left subclavian vein

101
Q

What drains the right upper quadrant of the body?

A

Right lymphatic duct

102
Q

Describe the anatomy after the spinal cord ends.

A

Conus medullaris
Cauda equina
Filum terminale

103
Q

Where is the cauda equina located?

A

L2 –> coccyx

104
Q

What is the hilum terminal?

A

Longitudinal support to spinal cord which attaches to the coccyx inferiorly

105
Q

What is located in grey matter?

A

Cell bodies

106
Q

What is located in white matter?

A

Myelinated axons

107
Q

Where are lateral horns of the spinal cord located?

A

T1 - L2/3 (SNS)

S2-4 (PNS)

108
Q

What is the function of the meninges?

A

Protect and cushion CNS

109
Q

To what level does the dura matter descend to?

A

S3

110
Q

To what level does the arachnoid matter descend to?

A

S3

111
Q

What supplies blood to the spinal cord?

A

Aorta

112
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

113
Q

What direction does the grey and white matter travel in relation to the lateral horns and and sympathetic ganglia.

A 
Grey =  away from sympathetic ganglia to effector
White = in to the sympathetic ganglia
114
Q

Where is the sympathetic trunk located?

A

C1 –> end of coccyx

115
Q

What ways can sympathetic fibres flow?

A
  1. Synapse in ganglia at same level
  2. Ascend or descend chain before synapsing and exiting
  3. Run through chain without synapsing until prevertebral ganglia in abdomen
116
Q

Where do the three splanchnic nerves originate from?

A

T6-T12

117
Q

Where do PNS nerves arise and descend?

A

From conus medullaris lateral horns –> descend in cauda equina –> emerge between S2-4

118
Q

Where is the mixed autonomic pelvic plexus located?

A

Each side of the rectum

119
Q

What is the name of the joint of the root of the tooth and alveolar process?

A

Gomphosis

120
Q

Give an example of a syndesmosis.

A

Interosseous ligament

Anatomy (11 decks)

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