Cardiovascular

Question 1

What can be found in the superior mediastinum (T1-4)?

Answer 1

Aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, left subclavian, left common carotid

Question 2

What can be found in the inferior mediastinum (T5-8)?

Answer 2

Vagus n, phrenic n, trachea, oesophagus

Question 3

What can be found in the middle mediastinum?

Answer 3

Heart, great vessels

Question 4

What can be found in the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 4

Descending aorta, oesophagus, thoracic duct, azygous vein. sympathetic chain

Question 5

Where is the apex of the heart usually located?

Answer 5

5th left intercostal space midclavicular line

Question 6

What forms the anterior surface of the heart?

Answer 6

RV

Question 7

What forms the posterior surface of the heart?

Answer 7

LA

Question 8

At what vertebral level is the aortic arch located?

Answer 8

T4

Question 9

At what vertebral level is the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta located?

Answer 9

L4

Question 10

At what vertebral level is the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries located?

Answer 10

L5

Question 11

Describe the branches of the aortic arch from medial to lateral.

Answer 11

Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian

Question 12

What branch of the descending thoracic aorta?

Answer 12

Posterior intercostal, bronchial, oesophageal and pericardial arteries

Question 13

At what vertebral level do the common iliac arteries arise?

Answer 13

L4

Question 14

At what vertebral level does the external iliac arteries arise?

Answer 14

L5-S1

Question 15

What does the posterior intercostal veins drain into?

Answer 15

Azygous vein

Question 16

At what level does the hemiazygous vein on the left side drain into the azygous vein?

Answer 16

T8/9

Question 17

What do the anterior intercostal veins drain in to?

Answer 17

Internal thoracic vein

Question 18

What do the anterior intercostal arteries arise from?

Answer 18

Internal thoracic artery

Question 19

Describe the main arteries of the upper limbs.

Answer 19

Subclavian -> axillary -> brachial -> radial and ulnar

Question 20

Describe the veins if the upper limb.

Answer 20

Basilic vein (medial) and cephalic vein (lateral) –> median cubital vein at the cubital fossa –> deep veins –> SVC

Question 21

At the inguinal canal, what is the order of the vessels from medial to lateral.

Answer 21

V, A, N

Question 22

Describe the main arteries of the lower limb.

Answer 22

External iliac -> superficial femoral -> political -> anterior and posterior tibial -> dorsals pedis

Question 23

Describe the deep veins of the lower limb.

Answer 23

External iliac -> femoral vein -> popliteal vein -> posterior tibial vein, anterior tibial vein and fibular vein

Question 24

What are the superficial veins of the lower limb?

Answer 24

Great and small saphenous

Question 25

What are the layers of the pericardium?

Answer 25

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium/visceral layer of serous pericardium, pericardial cavity, parietal layer of serous pericardium, fibrous pericardium

Question 26

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 26

Anchors to surrounding walls and prevent overfilling with blood.

Question 27

What innervates the pericardium?

Answer 27

T1-4 and vagus via cardiac plexus --> visceral pleura and myocardium Phrenic nerve --> parietal and fibrous layers (pain)

Question 28

What heart chamber is anterior to the oesophagus?

Answer 28

LA

Question 29

What is the function of the left and right auricles of the heart?

Answer 29

Increase capacity of atria and therefore, increase volume of blood

Question 30

What structures are seen in the right atria?

Answer 30

Christa terminalis Musculi pectinate Opening of coronary sinus Fossa ovalis

Question 31

What structures are seen in the right ventricle?

Answer 31

Chordae tendinae Moderator band Trabecullae carnea

Question 32

What is the function of the moderator band?

Answer 32

Prevent over distension of ventricle

Question 33

What chamber has the thickest wall?

Answer 33

LV

Question 34

How many valves does the mitral valve contain?

Answer 34

2 valves attached to 2 papillary muscles

Question 35

What are the main coronary arteries of the heart?

Answer 35

LAD Right Posterior interventricular Curcumflex

Question 36

Name the vein that travels with the LAD.

Answer 36

Great cardiac vein

Question 37

Name the vein that travels with the right marginal artery.

Answer 37

Small cardiac vein

Question 38

What artery comes off the tight coronary artery?

Answer 38

Right marginal artery

Question 39

What artery lies within the atrioventricular sulcus?

Answer 39

Right coronary artery

Question 40

What arteries anastomose posteriorly in the atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus?

Answer 40

Right coronary artery and circumflex

Question 41

Name the vein that travels with the posterior inter ventricular artery.

Answer 41

Middle cardiac vein

Question 42

Where is the coronary sinus located and what is it's function?

Answer 42

Lies posterior alongside the circumflex artery in the coronary sulcus and drains directly into the right atrium

Question 43

What are the venae cords minimae?

Answer 43

Small veins which drain the heart wall directly into each chamber of the heart

Question 44

Where do the lymphatics of the heart drain?

Answer 44

Tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes

Question 45

What innervates the heart wall?

Answer 45

``` SNS = T1-4 PNS = Vagus ``` *via cardiac plexus

Question 46

Why is there referred pain in anterior chest wall and medial side of arm in angina?

Answer 46

T2 dermatome