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Anatomy > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What germ layer does bones form from?

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

What germ layer does nerves form from?

A

Ectoderm

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3
Q

What germ layers does skin and smooth muscle form from?

A

Ectoderm and mesoderm

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4
Q

What germ layer does cartilage form from?

A

Mesoderm

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5
Q

What is the fossa ovals?

A

Remnant of foramen ovale (petal cardiac shunt)

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6
Q

When do the pre-branchial arches start to form?

A

Week 4

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7
Q

What happens to the branchial arches in lat week 4?

A

5 arches start to from (6 starts to develop and 5 disappears)

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8
Q

With regards to the branchial arches, were is endoderm found?

A

Pouches between arches

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9
Q

What nerves supply the branchial arches?

A
  1. V3
  2. VII
  3. IX
  4. X (superior laryngeal)
  5. X (recurrent laryngeal)
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10
Q

What part of the head and neck develops from the first pharyngeal arch?

A

Maxilla, mandible, males and incus

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11
Q

What part of the head and neck develops from the second pharyngeal arch?

A

Stapes, soloed, part of hyoid

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12
Q

What part of the head and neck develops from the third pharyngeal arch?

A

Body and greater horn of hyoid

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13
Q

What part of the head and neck develops from the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch?

A

Pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles and laryngeal cartilages

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14
Q

What does the face develop from?

A

5 prominences (frontal, 2 x maxillary, 2 x mandibular)

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15
Q

What does the philtre form from?

A

Medial nasal process growing downwards and laterally

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16
Q

How does the palate develop?

A
  1. Medial nasal process grows downwards
  2. From maxillary process, 2 palatine shelves grow inwards
  3. Palatine shelves meet in middle and form secondary palate
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17
Q

What does not fuse correctly during development resulting in cleft lip and palate?

A

Maxillary process

Medial nasal process

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18
Q

How do the skull bones form?

A 
Vault = membranous ossification
Base = endochondrial ossification
Viscerocranium = mostly from branchial arches
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19
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle close?

A

1.5 years

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20
Q

What is the clinical significance of 6 membrane covered fontanelles?

A

Can feel raised ICP, indications for meningitis or hydration status etc

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21
Q

What is the term used for when bones fuse before they should causing other structures to protrude?

A

Craniosynostosis

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22
Q

Name a 1st pharyngeal arch abnormality.

A

Treachor Collins Syndrome

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23
Q

What germ layer forms the GI tract?

A

Endoderm

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24
Q

When is the foregut formed?

A

4th week

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25
Q

When does the spleen form and what is it derived from?

A

5th week from mesodermal derivative

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26
Q

When does the pancreas form and from what?

A

5th week when ventral and dorsal buds fuse.

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27
Q

Name two foregut anomalies.

A

Oesophageal atresia and trachea-oesophageal fistula

Annular pancreas

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28
Q

What are the two parts of the midgut formed during development?

A

Cephalic part

Caudal part

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29
Q

What must the midgut undergo during week 6?

A

Rotation and herniation

30
Q

During which week does the herniated intestinal loop move from the umbilical cord back into the abdominal cavity?

A

Week 10

31
Q

Name 3 midgut abnormalities.

A

Omphalocele
Meckel’s diverticulum
Gastroschisis

32
Q

When is the handout formed?

A

End of week 7

33
Q

Name 4 handout anomalies.

A

Urorectal fistula
Rectoanal fistula
Rectovaginal fistula
Imperforate anus

34
Q

Where do the eyes develop from?

A

The neural tube

35
Q

Where do the optical vesicles grow from?

A

Diencephalon

36
Q

When optic vesicles reach surface ectoderm of the diencephalon, the cells of the surface thicken and form what?

A

Lens placode

37
Q

As the optic cup is forming, blood vessels pass through a fissure in the inferior wall called what?

A

Choroid fissure

38
Q

What forms from the telencephalon?

A

Cerebrum and lateral ventricles

39
Q

What forms from the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, retina and 3rd ventricle

40
Q

What forms from the mesencephalon?

A

Brain stem: midbrain and cerebral aqueduct

41
Q

What forms from the metencephalon?

A

Cerebellum, brainstem: pons and 4th ventricle

42
Q

What forms from the myelencephalon?

A

Brainstem: medulla and 4th ventricle, spinal cord

43
Q

What week does brain development begin?

A

3

44
Q

What does the nervous system for from?

A

Ectoderm

45
Q

When does the CNS start to develop?

A

Week 3

46
Q

What can result from failure of closure of the neural tube?

A

Anencephaly
Encephalocoele
Spina Bifida

47
Q

What is the result of failure of the anterior neuropore to close?

A

Anencephaly

48
Q

What is the result of failure of the posterior neuropore to close?

A

Encephalocoele

49
Q

What results from the non-fusion of vertebral arches?

A

Spina Bifida

50
Q

What vertebrae are most commonly affected in Spina Bifida?

A

L5 and 6

51
Q

How is spina bifida diagnosed?

A
  • Maternal blood screening - high levels of AFP
  • Amniocentesis
  • USS
52
Q

What week does the 5 secondary brain vesicles start to form?

A

Week 5

53
Q

What forms from the forebrain in week 5?

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon

54
Q

What are the ventricles formed from?

A

Lumen of neural tube

55
Q

When does CSF form?

A

5th week

56
Q

What do neural crest cells form?

A

PNS neurons and glia

57
Q

What CNS cells migrate to the CNS?

A

All except microglia

58
Q

What month does the spinal cord extend the entire length of the vertebral column?

A

3rd

59
Q

When do the cortical folds start to develop?

A

26 weeks

60
Q

What is the bladder and urethra formed from?

A

Urogenital sinus

61
Q

What is the cloak divided into?

A

Rectum and urogenital sinus

62
Q

What week doe the kidneys form?

A

4

63
Q

What is the precursor for the meseonephric duct?

A

Pronephric duct

64
Q

When does the pronephros degenerate around week 5, the mesonephros forms. What is it’s function?

A

Functions as kidney for 4 weeks (week 5-9)

65
Q

What does the mesonephros become?

A

Developing gonad

66
Q

What takes over from the mesonephros to form the kidney?

A

Metenephros

67
Q

How does the metenephros form the kidneys?

A

Ureteric bud out of duct (calyces, pelvis, CDs, ureters)covered by metenephric mesoderm (kidneys)

68
Q

Why do the kidneys appear to ascend?

A

From beside bladder up by differential growth of lower body inferiorly

69
Q

When does kidney ascent stop?

A

Contact with adrenal glands

70
Q

Name possible anomalies in the development of the kidneys.

A

Duplicate ureter
Aberrant renal artery
Pancake kidney
Horseshoe kidney

Anatomy (11 decks)

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