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AP Tignor 1 > 2 > Flashcards

2 Flashcards

1
Q

90% of elements in human body

A

CHON

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2
Q

Calcium phosphate

A

Salt that makes bones hard

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3
Q

K

A

Dissolved electrolyte in blood plasma. Helps conduct AP

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4
Q

S

A

Helps fold proteins .
Part of cystine makes disulfur bridges

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5
Q

Na

A

Important for sending messages, nervous system function, muscle contraction.

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6
Q

Mg

A

Enzyme cofactor

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7
Q

What do trace element metals do

A

Enzyme cofactors
Give right shape.
Ex. Iron in hemoglobin helps give it the correct shape

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8
Q

Natrium

A

Sodium

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9
Q

Isotopes

A

Same number of protons, different number of neutrons

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10
Q

Mass of proton and neutron

A

1 amu

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11
Q

Mass of e

A

1/2000 amu

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12
Q

Atomic mass comes from

A

Average of all naturally occuring isotopes

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13
Q

I

A

Makes T3 & T4 needed for thyroid

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14
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking bonds using water

Helps break down bio macromolecules

Release energy

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15
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Making molecules taking water away
Build up bio macromolecules

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16
Q

Rows of periodic table indicate

A

Orbitals

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17
Q

Electrons in first orbital

A

2

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18
Q

Why is C good at making bio macromolecules

A

Light weight
Can form 4 covalent bonds.

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19
Q

Columns in periodic table indicate what

A

Valence electrons

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20
Q

Protium

A

Most common form of H
One proton one e

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21
Q

Deuterium

A

1 proton, 1e, 1 neutron

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22
Q

Tritium

A

1 p
1e
2 n

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23
Q

PET scan

A

Can get physiological information

Most common
Fluorine isotope that is attached to glucose
Shows hotspots for rapidly dividing cells. Good for diagnosing Cancer

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24
Q

Octet rule

A

Atoms will always seek to fill their Valence shells with 8 electrons. Except for hydrogen and helium

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25
Q

CH4 has what kind of bonds?

A

Covalent

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26
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Opposites attract
NaCl
Elements from opposite ends of periodic table are very likely to attract eachother

Loses an electron one gains e

Polar

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27
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Sharing electrons
O2
Double count shared electron

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28
Q

O2

A

Final electron acceptor

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29
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Difference in electronegativity draws shared e to one side of molecule

H20

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30
Q

Universal solvent

A

Water, can dissolve more substances than any other substance

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31
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak bond in between slight positive charge of water and slight negative charge of water.

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32
Q

Hydrogen bonds example

A

Weak H bonds between amino acids and proteins lead to secondary protein structure

Causes alpha Helix or beta pleated sheets

Gives DNA it’s shape

Helps unzip to make copies

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33
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

Needs energy to make a more complicated substance. Energy is stored in bond

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34
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Splits up and releases energy

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35
Q

Glucose+fructose=

A

Sucrose

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36
Q

Exchange reaction

A

Bonds are broken and made. Components are rearranged

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37
Q

How does NaCl dissociate

A

Sodium that gave e is more positive and surrounded by water. It’s attracted to the negative dipole in water.

Cl that accepted Na e is negative and it’s attracted to the positive side of water.

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38
Q

Dehydration synthesis anabolic or catabolic

A

Anabolic

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39
Q

Monosaccharides formula

A

C6H12O6

40
Q

Monosaccharides examples

A

Glucose,
Fructose,
Galactose

41
Q

Which is the sugar in dna

A

Deoxyribose in DNA

42
Q

Ribose in

A

RNA

43
Q

Disaccharides examples

A

Two monosaccharides joined together.

Sucrose, lactose and maltose

44
Q

Amylose

A

Type of starch

45
Q

Glycogen

A

Stored in skeletal muscle
Built up through anabolic reactions. Or in liver for energy

46
Q

Carbohydrates elements

A

CHO

47
Q

Triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids bound to glycerol by dehydration synthesis
Makes 3 waters

48
Q

Saturated fats

A

All carbons have single bonds
Solid at room temperature

Butter

49
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Two carbons are double bound. Liquid at room temperature
Olive oil

50
Q

Phospholipids

A

Gets rid of one fatty acid tail. Swap out for phosphate containing group.
Make cell membrane. Heads face outside. Makes semi-permeable membrane

51
Q

Sterols

A

Most common is cholesterol that is basis for all steroids as well as membrane stabilizer

52
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Fatty acids that are signaling molecules

53
Q

Lipids contain which elements?

A

CHO

54
Q

Protein monomers

A

Aminoacids

55
Q

Components of aminoacids

A

Carboxl group
R chain
Amino group
Alpha carbon

56
Q

Only thing that varies in amino acid

A

R group
Amino acids are like letters of alphabet.

57
Q

Tryptophan

A

Precursor to serotonin and melatonin. Eating a lot of turkey can make you sleepy

58
Q

Peptide bond

A

Two aminoacids join via dehydration synthesis

59
Q

Central Central dogma

A

DNA>RNA
Make mRNA template
Use tRNA to bring appropriate amino acids. Join together to make peptide bonds.
Make long strand.
When it folds in the right way, protein is made
>PROTEIN

60
Q

Primary structure of protein

A

Aminoacids chain
Order of aminoacids.
Connected by peptide bonds (covalent bonds made by dehydration synthesis)

61
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Important weak hydrogen bonds form causing alpha helix or beta plated sheets

62
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Covalent bonding between r groups.

Cistine to Cistine disulfur Bridges

63
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Made up of multiple subunits with tertiary structure of proteins

Proteins coming together

64
Q

pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

65
Q

What is the consequence of pH changes in the blood

A

Causes protein to unfold because of damage to weak hydrogen bonds.

Secondary structure is damaged and then tertiary structure is damaged

66
Q

Denaturing of a protein

A

Permanent damage to protein that causes protein to unfold preventing function

67
Q

Functional proteins

A

Enzymes

68
Q

Examples of enzymes

A

Salivary amylase
Lactase
Catalase

69
Q

Functions of enzymes

A
  1. Lowers the level of activation energy needed to carry out the reaction

Physically manipulates the reactants to lower the energy required for a reaction.
2. Speeds up reaction (acts as catalyst)

  1. Do not get used up
70
Q

Slow catalase

A

Breaks down H2O2 turning into water and oxygen can carry out reaction 10-15 million times a second.

71
Q

Explain the process of enzymatic reactions

A
  1. Substrates (reactants) bind to active sites of enzyme
  2. Form enzyme substrate complex to create a product
  3. Product detaches and process can repeat. Enzyme is in same shape it was in the beginning.
72
Q

Each step of glycolysis requires which type of protein?

A

Enzyme

73
Q

Structural proteins

A

Hair structure,
Strong links,
Weak links

74
Q

Keratin

A

Type of structural protein that creates strength and protection

75
Q

Most abundant protein in human body

A

Collagen

76
Q

Collagen

A

Triple helix
Structural protein

77
Q

Elastin

A

Has cross links that let it behave like a spring

Makes elastic cartilage of ear

78
Q

Dense elastic connective tissue

A

Part of aorta
Lets aorta open and close

79
Q

Nucleic acids monomers

A

Nucleotides + phosphate sugar backbone

80
Q

C binds to _ in DNA
A binds to _ in DNA

A

C-G
A-T

81
Q

In RNA
C-_
A-_

A

C-G
A-U

82
Q

Backbone of nucleic acids

A

Sugar phosphate

83
Q

How many bonds between A-T

A

2 Hydrogen bonds

84
Q

How many bonds between C-G

A

3 Hydrogen bonds

85
Q

Which bonds in nucleic acids are covalent?

A

On edges. Bind to sugar phosphate backbone.

86
Q

Bonds between nucleotides are

A

Hydrogen bonds

87
Q

Process of DNA to RNA

A

Transcription

88
Q

RNA to protein

A

Translation

89
Q

What is reverse transcription?

A

RNA to DNA
Can be caused by viruses.

90
Q

Types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

91
Q

mRNA

A

Template used by ribosomal RNA to make protein.
Carries coded information to cytoplasm where protein synthesis starts

92
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

Translates mRNA into protein.
Two subunits. One large and one small. Combine to make functional ribosomes.

Site of protein synthesis

93
Q

Parts of nucleotides

A

Phosphate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base

94
Q

tRNA

A

Ferry aminoacids to ribosomes. Decode mRNA’s message for aminoacid sequence in the polypeptide to be built

95
Q

Where are types of RNA from

A

DNA in nucleus . DNA helix splits and is replicated by a complimentary RNA strand

96
Q

Properties of water

A
  1. Universal Solvent: Dissolves more substances than any other substance. All chemical reactions depend on solvent properties. Great at transporting electrolytes and nutrients.
  2. High heat of vaporization.
    Hydrogen bonds make water require a lot of energy to change from one state of matter to another. So it has high heat of vaporization. As sweat evaporates from skin, large amounts of heat leave causing us to cool down.
  3. High heat capacity:
    Prevents rapid changes of body temperature since it requires a lot of energy to raise it’s temperature. Redistributes heat throughout body tissues.
    Protects from excess heat throughout exposure or muscle activity.

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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