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AP Tignor 1 > Vocabulary Midterm > Flashcards

Vocabulary Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Lacunae

A

Cavities that hold osteocytes

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2
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that maintain matrix

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3
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Immature cells that make bone

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4
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down bone when calcium levels in blood are too low

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5
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Mature cartilage cells

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6
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Immature cells that make hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

Fibrocblasts

A

Make collagen

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8
Q

Mast cells

A

Have chemicals needed to start the inflammatory response, help fight pathogens

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9
Q

Fixed cells vs wandering cells

A

fixed cells: immune cells permanently stationed in specific tissues or organs
macrophages, mast cells,

wandering cells: immune cells that move freely throughout body. lymphocytes, neutrophils

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10
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Non living material that surrounds the living cells. Helps bear weight and withstand tension

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11
Q

Merocrine glands

A

Don’t accumulate product, merely secrete

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12
Q

Example of merocrine glands

A

Pancreas, sweat, salivary

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13
Q

Holocrine glands example

A

Burst, sebaceous

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14
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Apex pinches off, mammary

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15
Q

Adenoma

A

Neoplasm in glandular epithelium

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16
Q

Carcinoma

A

Cancer in epithelium

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17
Q

Basement membrane

A

Separates epithelial tissue from underlying connective tissue. Helps resist tearing

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18
Q

Tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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19
Q

Types of fibers

A

Collagen fibers (stronger than steel )
Elastic fibers(provide elasticity)
Reticular fibers (thin collagen fibers that make soft skeleton)

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20
Q

Neuronal pools

A

groups of interconnected neurons within the CNS that work together to carry out specific functions

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21
Q

Types of neuronal pools

A

Diverging and converging

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22
Q

Diverging neuronal pools

A

single presynaptic neuron communicates with multiple post-synaptic neurons

Help transport information to various parts of the nervous system simultaneously

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23
Q

Converging neuronal pools

A

Several presynaptic neurons communicate with one post-synaptic neuron.
Help integrate information from multiple sources

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24
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

Helps stop communication of neurons by breaking down acetylcholine into
Acetate and choline

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25
Q

Satellite cells

A

Give structural support to ganglia in PNS

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26
Q

Astrocytes

A

Collect leaked potassium ions

Recapture and recycle neurotransmitters

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27
Q

Reticular formation

A

Keeps cerebral cortex alert and conscious
Filters out repetitive stimuli

Enhances excitability of cerebral cortex

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28
Q

Reticular formation extends through

A

Central core of medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

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29
Q

Epidural space

A

contains fat, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

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30
Q

Epidural space location

A

In between vertebrae and dura mater

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31
Q

CN1

A

Olfactory
Sensory

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32
Q

CN2

A

Optic sensory

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33
Q

CN 3

A

Oculomotor
Superior, inferior and medial rectus, inferior oblique

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34
Q

CN4

A

Trochlear
Superior oblique , depresses eye and turns them laterally

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35
Q

Trigeminal V

A

Innervates large areas of face opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

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36
Q

Abducens VI

A

Abducts the eyeball
Controls lateral rectus

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37
Q

VII facial

A

Facial expressions
Sensory info from anterior 2/3 of tongue

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38
Q

VIII vestibulocochlear

A

Hearing and balance

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39
Q

IX glossopharyngeal

A

Tongue and pharynx, swallowing
Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue

40
Q

X vagus

A

Innervates visceral organs
Control heart rate
Some taste around epiglottis

41
Q

Spinal nerve parts

A

Ventral root + dorsal root

42
Q

Cholinergic receptors

A

Receive ACh

43
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

Bind epinephrine and norepinephrine

44
Q

Referred pain

A

Pain in region other than affected region. Caused by close proximity of sensory neurons

45
Q

Varicosities

A

Knob swellings of autonomic axons,
Have mitochondria and synaptic vessels. Exist in series

46
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

47
Q

Nuclei as related to interneurons

A
48
Q

Differentiated cells

A

Cell becomes specialized

49
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Intracellular fluid packed with organelles,

50
Q

CAMs

A

1.Cell adhesion molecules
2. Almost on every cell in body

51
Q

Function of CAMS

A

1.Molecular Velcro that cells use to anchor themselves to other molecules in extra cellular space
2. Act as arms that help cells move against one another
3. Rally wbcs to infected or injured area
4. Transmit info about changes in extracellular matrix to cell. Bring a variety of responses like cell migration, proliferation, specialization

52
Q

Function of Ribosomes

A

Sites of protein synthesis. Has two subunits. Made of proteins and RNAs

53
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes on surface. Makes lipids and complex carbohydrates. Detoxification reactions in cells. Especially important in hepatocytes of liver

54
Q

Rough ER

A

Studded with ribosomes
Makes proteins that go to golgi apparatus

55
Q

Vesicles

A

Bud off cell membrane to transport substances.
Uses active transport

56
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packages and modifies proteins for use

57
Q

Mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration occurs. Make the majority of ATP
Have it’s own DNA. Encodes for 35+ genes

58
Q

Lysosomes

A

High amount in liver

Recycling unit of cell
Cocktail of digestive enzymes
Proteases, lipases, nucleases, amylases, very low acidic pH.

59
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Similar to lysosome
But specialize in digesting long chain fatty acids.

Have lots of catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxide (made by many reactions)

60
Q

Centrososmes

A

A region near the nucleus that contains paired organelles called centrioles

Important for mitosis

61
Q

Centrioles

A

Minute pair of bodies near nucleus, help divide the cell

62
Q

Microfilaments

A

Thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton . Cell motility and changes in cell shape.
Biconcave shape of rbcs

63
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

thicker than actin but thinner than microtubules. Protein filaments. Resist mechanical stress and connect other elements.

Overall structure and function

64
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

thicker than actin but thinner than microtubules. Protein filaments. Resist mechanical stress and connect other elements.

Overall structure and function

65
Q

Microtubules

A

Acts as highway for proteins to transport vesicles. Organize cytoskeleton. Made of tubulin

66
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double phospholipid bilayer that surrounds nucleus?

67
Q

Nucleolus

A

Helps make ribosomes

68
Q

Free radicals

A

Highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

69
Q

Chromosomes

A

Tightly coiled structures of DNA. Visible during cell division

70
Q

Chromatin

A

Strands of DNA and associated proteins. Form chromosomes when tightly coiled

71
Q

Nucleosomes

A

Fundamental unit of chromatin. Strand of DNA wound around cluster of eight.

72
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Opening in nuclear membrane

73
Q

Chromatin

A

Unwound genetic material

74
Q

Active transport

A

Primary active transport
Secondary active transport

Moving substances using ATP usually against a gradient

75
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Lets specific things go in through endocytosis and transcytosis

  1. Receptors bind to substances and are taken in then dealt with
76
Q

Transcytosis

A

Sequence of endocytosis, vesicular transport through the cell and exocytosis on the other side

77
Q

Cell cycle

A

Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it’s formed, until it reproduces itself

Interphase and mitosis

78
Q

Interphase

A

Period from cell formation to cell division
G1, S, G2

79
Q

G1

A

Cell grows and the centrioles replication begins

Increase amount of cytoplasm and organelles
Grows

80
Q

S

A

DNA replicates
Doubles the amount of DNA in prep for mitosis

81
Q

G2

A

Final preparations for mitosis are made

Makes sure that there’s enough proteins and cytosol.. Makes sure there’s enough cellular machinery to carry out mitosis and cytokinesis

82
Q

Parts of cell division

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

83
Q

Mitosis phases

A

PMAT

84
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm

85
Q

Prophase

A
  1. Nuclear membrane dissolves,chromosomes condense.
  2. Spindle fibers emerge from centrososmes
  3. Nuclear envelope breaks down
  4. Centrososmes move toward opposite poles
86
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate,

Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles

87
Q

Anaphase

A

Pulling chromosomes apart.

Sister chromatids become chromosomes are pulled apart.

Spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell.

88
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and they begin to decondense

The nuclear envelope surrounds each set of chromosomes

The mitotic spindle breaks down

Spindles continue to push poles apart

89
Q

Stem cell

A

Unspecialized cells that divide to produce various kinds of more specialized cell types

90
Q

Progenitor cell

A

more specialized than embryonic stem cells but less specialized than fully differentiated cells in body. Give rise to specific types of cells within a particular tissue or organ

91
Q

Totipotent cells

A

Can create all types of cells required for body including embryonic tissues

92
Q

Pluripotent cells

A

Can make all cells in body except embryonic tissues

93
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

act as breaks. Products of their genes inhibit cell growth and division.

94
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Too activated
Tells cell cycle to go forward..gas pedal stuck down

95
Q

p53

A

One of the most important tumor suppressor genes in body
Has multiple defense mechanisms

96
Q

RAS

A

Most frequently mutated genes in human cancer.

family of genes that regulate cell growth and division. mutations can cause cancer

97
Q

MYC gene

A

MYC Protoncogene protein is a transcription factor. regulates the expression of genes involved in the cell cycle.

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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