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AP Tignor 1 > Special Senses And Nervous System Key Words > Flashcards

Special Senses And Nervous System Key Words Flashcards

1
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Respond to chemicals dissolved in solution

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2
Q

Nocioreceptors

A

help sense pain. Alerted by chemicals that indicate damage

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3
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Respond to temperature changes

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4
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Modified dendrites that detect changes in pressure, flex or flexion

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5
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Specialized receptor cell that responds to light energy, rods and cones

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6
Q

Retina

A

Inner layer of eyeball,
Contains photoreceptors, rods and cones

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7
Q

Golgi receptor organs

A

Proprioceptors (sense organ that gets info from inside body) senses tension. If too much tension, will inhibit muscle from creating more force through a reflex arc. Will protect you from injuring yourself. Relax tendons

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8
Q

Muscle spindle fiber

A

Senses stretch and speed of stretch. Sends message to stop stretching when you reach the endpoint of spindle stretch. Protects you from overstretching or hurting yourself

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9
Q

Sensation

A

Perception of a stimulus through one of the special senses

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10
Q

Sensation

A

Awareness of internal and external stimuli

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11
Q

Perception

A

Conscious interpretation of internal and external stimuli

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12
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Change in sensitivity and nerve impulse generation in response to a constant stimulus. For example, photoreceptors adapt to bright light

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13
Q

Sensory conflict (ex. Motion sickness)

A

Confusion of sensory inputs. Being in ship during storm. Visual input looks like stationary, but rough movement cause vestibular apparatus to detect motion sickness

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14
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Sense pain, cold and warmth.
Uncapsulated dendrite of a sensory neuron. Modified dendrites that collect information. Change information to stimulus

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15
Q

Most common nerve endings in skin

A

Free nerve endings,
Extend to middle of epidermis

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16
Q

Which nerve endings are less sensitive to to abrupt changes in stimulation?

A

Free nerve endings

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17
Q

Where are Meissner’s corpuscules found?

A

Papillary layer of dermis

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18
Q

Meissner’s corpuscules

A

Tactile corpuscules
Touch receptors
Light pressure receptors, at junction of dermis and epidermis

Sense textural differences

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19
Q

Pacinian corpuscules

A

Lamellar corpuscules
Deep pressure receptors in dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Respond only when pressure is first applied

Deep vibration

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20
Q

Visceral pain

A

Pain emanating from the internal organs ,
Vague, dull aching sensation can be caused by extreme stretching of tissue, irritating chemicals, muscle spasms

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21
Q

Causes of visceral pain

A

Extreme stretching of tissue,
Ischemia (low blood flow),
Irritating chemicals,
Muscle spasms

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22
Q

Ischemia

A

Low blood flow

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23
Q

Referred pain

A

Pain stimuli arising from one part of the body are perceived as coming from another part

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24
Q

Cause of referred pain?

A

Same segments of spinal cord innervate multiple parts. T1-T5 innervate heart and arm

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25
Q

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell

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26
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

Located in roof of nasal cavity under mucosa. Respond to chemicals dissolved in solution

In superior nasal cochae

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27
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

Receive information from sensory neurons that are triggered by olfactory receptors.
Two small structures at front of brain above nasal cavity

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28
Q

Olfactory tracts

A

pair of nerve pathways that connect olfactory bulbs to brain. after the olfactory bulbs process the information about different smells, the olfactory tracts send this information to higher brain regions for further processing and interpretation. travel to brain and reach olfactory cortex which controls conscious awareness

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29
Q

Gustation

A

Sense of taste

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30
Q

Taste buds

A

Sensory receptor organs, house gustatory epithelial cells, respond to dissolved food chemicals

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31
Q

Where do you find taste buds?

A

Anterior and posterior of tongue and palate

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32
Q

Papillae

A

Hold some of the taste buds, small raised projections

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33
Q

Taste cells

A

Gustatory epithelial cells, receptor cells for taste

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34
Q

Taste pore

A

Holds gustatory hair

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35
Q

Gustatory hair

A

Sensitive portions of gustatory epithelial cells. Bathed in saliva to dissolve chemicals

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36
Q

Basal epithelial cells

A

Stem cells,
Divide and differentiate into new gustatory epithelial cells. Replaced every seven to 10 days

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37
Q

Causes of sweet taste

A

Sugar, saccharin, alcohols, aminoacids, lead salts

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38
Q

Sour taste causes

A

Acids H+ ions in solution

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39
Q

Salty taste causes

A

Metal ions (inorganic salts);NaCl tastes the saltiest

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40
Q

Bitter taste causes

A

Alkaloids, quinine, nicotine, caffeine,morphine, and non alkaloids like aspirin

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41
Q

Umami

A

Delicious
Beef taste of steak,

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42
Q

Auricle

A

Visible portion of outer ear.
Funnels sound waves into external acoustic meatus

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43
Q

External acoustic meatus

A

Short tube from auricle to eardrum. Lined with cerumenous glands to trap foreign bodies and repel insects. Guides sound to tympanic membrane

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44
Q

Middle ear parts

A

Ear drum
Ossicles
Eustachian tube

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45
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

Malleus, incus, stapes
Allow sound wave transmission. Connect tympanic membrane to inner ear

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46
Q

membrane covered opening that separates the middle ear from the inner ear. located at end of stapes.

A

Oval window

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47
Q

Round window

A

Inferior to oval window.
Equalizes pressure changes. Dissipate pressure created by sound waves entering the inner ear.

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48
Q

Tympanic reflex

A

protective mechanism in response to loud sounds. muscles in middle ear contract to dampen sound vibrations. the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles contract and stiffen the ossicles. Reduce transmission of sound vibrations to inner ear.

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49
Q

Auditory tube

A

Connects the middle ear an pharynx. Aka eustachian tube

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50
Q

Bony labyrinth

A

Makes up internal ear
Membranous labyrinth is suspended in this.

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51
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A

Continuous series of membranous sacs and ducts contained within the bony labyrinth more or less following its contours.

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52
Q

Perilymph

A

Fluid similar to CSF and continuous to CSF

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53
Q

Bony labyrinth parts

A

Vestibule, Semicircular canals and cochlea

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54
Q

Vestibule

A

Egg shaped cavity of bony labyrinth. Posterior to cochlea. Anterior to Semicircular canals flanks middle ear medially.

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55
Q

Perilymph

A

Fluid that helps transmit sound vibrations within cochlea

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56
Q

Endolymph

A

potassium rich fluid that helps transmit electrical signals related to hearing and balance within inner ear

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57
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Monitor changes in volume and pressure.

Important in cardiovascular system

Sensory nerve ending in wall of carotid sinus or aortic arch sensitive to vessel stretching.

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58
Q

General senses location

A

All over body

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59
Q

Special senses location

A

Mostly cephalic or found in the head

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60
Q

Free nerve endings are part of which kind of neuron

A

Unipolar sensory neurons

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61
Q

General flow of information in the nervous system

A

Sensory neurons connect to motor neurons or interneurons. Tracts take sensory and motor information up and down the spinal cord.

After sensory information enters the spinal cord it goes up to the brain for processing, integration and decision-making

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62
Q

Highly modified sensory neurons

A

Encapsulated nerve ending.
Mechanoreceptors, include tactile corpuscules, lamellar corpuscules, bulbous corpuscules and muscle spindles

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63
Q

Three levels of sensory integration

A
  1. Receptor (sensory receptors)
  2. Circuit (ascending pathway)
  3. Perceptual levels (cerebral cortex)
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64
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of stimulus energy via receptor or generator potentials into action potentials.

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65
Q

Frequent stimuli are stronger or weaker?

A

Stronger

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66
Q

Adaptation

A

Decreased response to a continuous or unchanging stimulus

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67
Q

Adaptation occurs in

A

All general receptors except pain and proprioceptors

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68
Q

Modified epithelial cells

A

Act like sensory neurons
Send depolarization signal to a neuron> neuron sends along to nervous system

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69
Q

Example of modified epithelial cells

A

Taste buds

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70
Q

Modified epithelial cells that have microvilli

A

Taste buds

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71
Q

Provide information that gets interpreted as sense of taste

A

Taste buds

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72
Q

Rod

A

Photoreceptors found in retina.

Have continuous discs

Respond to dim light, night vision and peripheral vision

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73
Q

Respond to dim light, night vision and peripheral vision

A

Rods

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74
Q

Need bright light for activation

A

Cones , low sensitivity

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75
Q

Pigments in cones

A

One of three different pigments that create vividly colored view of world.

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76
Q

Pigment in rods

A

Single visual pigment. Only perceive grey tones

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77
Q

Converging pathway

A

Impulses from several neurons come together in one neuron

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78
Q

Wiring of rods

A

As many as 100 rods feed into each ganglion cell. Rod effects are summated and considered collectively.

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79
Q

Why is vision produced by rods fuzzy and indistinct.

A

Visual cortex doesn’t know which rods of the large number influencing a ganglion are activated

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80
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Give information about muscle position on the body. Info goes back to cerebellum.

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81
Q

Merkel discs

A

Respond to touch, in epidermal layer of skin

Connected to neurons

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82
Q

Krause end bulbs

A

Respond to touch

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83
Q

Root hair plexus

A

Responds to touch
Nerve fibers associated with hair follicle. Cause pain when pulling hair out

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84
Q

Ruffini endings

A

Detect pressure

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85
Q

Two examples of general sensors that help with proprioception or location of different muscles in the body

A

Golgi tendon organ
Muscle spindle

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86
Q

Reflex arc of muscle spindle

A

Stretch of muscle spindle causes reflex contraction. No interneuron

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87
Q

Golgi tendon organ reflex

A

Has interneuron

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88
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved with taste

A

Facial vii (anterior 2/3)
Glossopharyngeal IX (posterior 1/3 of tongue)
And vagus X (taste info around epiglottis)

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89
Q

Types of papilla on tongue

A

Fungiform,
Filiform,
Folliate
Circumvallate papilla

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90
Q

Fungiform papilla

A

Middle of tongue

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91
Q

Filiform papilla

A

Tip of tongue

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92
Q

Follate papilla

A

Side of tongue

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93
Q

Do all papillae hold taste buds?

A

No

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94
Q

Papilla with no taste buds

A

Filiform papilla

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95
Q

Which papilla have taste buds?

A

Foliate and circumvallate papilla

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96
Q

Special collections of modified epithelial cells behaving like sensory neurons. Detect flavor

A

Taste buds

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97
Q

Basal cell of taste buds

A

Stem cells that regenerate gustatory cells

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98
Q

Taste pore

A

Opening in papilla where gustatory cells are exposed

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99
Q

Function of gustatory hairs

A

Microvilli that grab onto molecules and dissolve them in saliva as you chew

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100
Q

Digestion starts in

A

Mouth

101
Q

What does perception of taste cause?

A

Depolarization of taste cell in gustatory cell. Depolarization is going to transition into neurons that are plugged into the base of hair cells and will go back to one of the three cranial nerves, then to gustatory cortex

102
Q

Why is taste important

A

Gives information on nutritional value of food being consumed. When something is sweet, it has carbs, source of energy

103
Q

What does bitter taste indicate

A

Alkaloids, poisonous

104
Q

Sour indicates

A

Acid content, vitamin c, citric acid, important coenzyme for collagen synthesis

105
Q

Salty indicates

A

Electrolyte content

106
Q

Umami indicates

A

Savory,
Content of aminoacids. Measure of protein concentration in food

107
Q

Taste and smell are linked, tf?

A

True

108
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

Bipolar neurons, flared out, grab onto molecules that are dissolved in mucus of nasal cavity

109
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Epithelium that holds olfactory receptors,
Constantly produces mucus to prevent drying out

110
Q

If you smell something your olfactory receptors are grabbing onto it t/f

A

True

111
Q

Ends of cranial nerves 1

A

Olfactory bulbs
Sit in ethmoid bone

112
Q

Olfactory foramina

A

In cribiform plate. Little holes that hold nerves associated with cranial nerve pair one .

113
Q

Nerves associated with CN 1 go through

A

Olfactory foramina and into olfactory epithelium of superior nasal cavity

114
Q

Nasal cochae

A

Hold olfactory receptors embedded in olfactory epithelium

115
Q

What happens if you breathe in caustic materials

A

Olfactory receptors die. Can be regenerated if damage isn’t too severe. Has progenitor stem cells . Can be severely damaged by covid

116
Q

Anosmia

A

Loss of sense of smell
Can happen with age. Can make eating not pleasureable

117
Q

Types of equilibrium

A

Dynamic and static

118
Q

Gross anatomy of ear

A

1.Auricle (pinna)
Satellite dish that helps sound waves enter ear.
2.Temporal bone
3. Ear canal

119
Q

External auditory tube

A

Tunnel leading to tympanic membrane, lined with cerumenous glandsm

120
Q

What kind of glans are cerumenous glands?

A

Apocrine
Secrete wax

121
Q

Tympanic membrane function

A

Drum, receives sound waves

122
Q

Ossicles in order

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

123
Q

Function of ossicles

A

As sound wave beats tympanic membrane, ossicles vibrate. First malleus, incus then stapes. Take air pressure wave, turn to mechanical wave and amplify. Bones vibrate against oval window

124
Q

Malleus

A

Hammer

125
Q

Incus

A

Anvil

126
Q

Stapes aka

A

Stirrup

127
Q

Oval window location

A

Opening to inner ear
Foot of stapes sits on top of oval window
Has membrane covering it

128
Q

Middle ear location

A

From tympanic membrane to oval window

129
Q

Acts like plunger

A

Stapes.

Causes liquid pressure wave through moving back and forth in inner ear

130
Q

What fills chambers of inner ear?

A

Endolymph and perilymph.

131
Q

What is function of liquid pressure wave

A

Flex sensory receptors involved with hearing.

Moves through cochlea

132
Q

Cochlea

A

Specialized organ of hearing

133
Q

What happens after cochlea is done collecting sensory information from liquid wave?

A

Winds back out through separate chamber, if there’s any energy left in liquid pressure wave it goes to round window

134
Q

What happens to round window as pressure wave hits?

A

Round window bulges out

135
Q

Why is round window bulging important?

A

Would hear echo, round window dampens signal

136
Q

Location of inner ear

A

Oval window and everything after it

137
Q

Divisions of vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Vestibular division and cochlear division

138
Q

Location of vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Connects to components of inner ear

139
Q

Cochlear nerve function

A

Carries all sensory info from the spinal organ of corti that’s in cochlea.
Takes info from cochlea into auditory cortex of brain to process and turn into perception of sound

140
Q

Vestibular nerve function

A

Carries sensory information related to static and dynamic equilibrium

141
Q

Tympanic reflex

A

When you hear a loud noise, stapedius and tensor tympani contract to help stabilize and reduce the vibration of the malleus, incus and stapes

142
Q

Smallest skeletal muscle

A

Stapedius
Small muscle on stapes

143
Q

Tensor tympani muscle

A

Runs inside of eustachian tube

144
Q

Why do we need the tympanic reflex?

A

Protects middle and inner ear by dampening noise. Prevents noise from moving freely

145
Q

Problem with tympanic reflex

A

Some modern day equipment is faster than tympanic reflex. Gunshots and explosions can be too fast and can cause damage to hearing apparatus.

146
Q

Types of deafness

A

Conductive deafness,
Sensorineural deafness

147
Q

Conductive deafness

A

Anything from outside, all the way from external and middle ear. Can be temporary or permanent.

Something interferes with conduction of sound to inner ear

148
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A

Problem with sensory receptors in cochlea or cochlear nerve going back to complex areas of cerebral cortex. Problem in inner ear

149
Q

Cochlear implant

A

Directly stimulates cochlear nerve so that person who couldn’t hear can hear again. Microphone and electrode that winds around cochlea.

Hearing for the first time can sometimes be traumatic

150
Q

Internal auditory tube, eustachian tube

A

Tube that connects right around nasopharynx. Posterior portion of superior nasal cavity

151
Q

Eustachian tube drains into

A

Opening in superior nasal cavity, towards back of nasopharynx

152
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Portion of throat at back of nasal cavity

153
Q

Oropharynx

A

Portion of throat behind mouth

154
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Portion of throat down by larynx

155
Q

Importance of eustachian tube

A

When you’re an adult, it has a downward slope to that region of the nasal cavity. Children have more horizontal eustachian tube, can have trouble with drainage

156
Q

What happens if middle ear can’t drain like it’s supposed to?

A

Can cause ear infections and sinus infections. Some children get tube in ear to assist.

157
Q

Coronal

A

Divides into dorsal and ventral

158
Q

Petrus ridge

A

Part of temporal bone that holds bony and membranous labyrinth

159
Q

Bony and membranous labyrinth

A

Hold Semicircular canals

160
Q

Bony labyrinth

A

Snail shell, houses organ of corti,

161
Q

Organ of corti

A

Sends hearing information back to cochlear division of vestibulocochlear nerve

Aka spiral organ

162
Q

Cross section of bony labyrinth reveals

A

3 chambers from top to bottom:
1. Scala vestibuli
2. Cochlear duct
3. Scala tympani

163
Q

First room is

A

Vestibule

164
Q

First tube that liquid pressure wave travels down through

A

Scala vestibuli

165
Q

Scala vestibuli

A

Filled with liquid.
Liquid wave travels first through here.
Has vestibular membrane in inferior portion.

Vestibular membrane flexes and pushes on liquid in cochlear duct

166
Q

Cochlear duct

A

Scala media
Second chamber
Has tectorial membrane that wiggles modified cillia of epithelial cells that act as sensory neurons

167
Q

Scala media

A

Cochlear duct

168
Q

Stereocilia

A

Don’t move on their own. Flex in the membrane. Causes depolarization signal to travel down through connecting neuron. Back towards area of your brain associated with hearing.

169
Q

All sensory info except for smell goes through

A

Thalamus

170
Q

Helioctrema

A

End of spiral of cochlea
Remaining pressure goes out through opposite direction. Will hit Scala timpani which is bottom chamber.

171
Q

Round window

A

End of cochlea away from inner spiral

Covered by membrane
Bulges out to dissipate energy of liquid wave

172
Q

Hair cell

A

Modified epithelial cell
Has stereocilia on its top surface.

Connects to tectorial membrane by stereocilia

173
Q

What happens as tectorial membrane moves?

A

Stereocilia attached move, causes depolarization signal to connecting neuron and sends information back to cranial nerve 8 (vestibulocochlear, to cochlear division)

174
Q

What happens to stereocilia as you age?

A

They wear out, no longer function. People lose hearing if work in construction or lawn care

175
Q

Need to know

A

Structures of inner ear and cochlea as they relate to hearing

176
Q

Static equilibrium

A

Gives information about head hanging down or hanging back,
Very direct information

177
Q

What controls static equilibrium

A

Vestibule?

178
Q

Parts of vestibule

A

Macula,
Utricle,
Saccule

179
Q

Macula

A

Think of jello with ball bearings on top

Has otoliths on top. As you lean forward, the weight of gravity pulls otoliths forward. Causes hair cells to bend because they extend into that gelatinous mass

180
Q

Otoliths

A

Calcium carbonate crystals. Same thing seashells are made of

181
Q

What do hair cells in macula do?

A

Send depolarization signal to neurons that connects to hair cells. Signal tells brain if head is hanging forward or facing back.

182
Q

What is macula filled with?

A

Endolymph. Liquid where everything floats in.

183
Q

What controls dynamic equilibrium

A

Semicircular canals

184
Q

Positioning of Semicircular canals

A

At right angles from each other

185
Q

Function of Semicircular canals

A

Judge spinning and rapid movements turning.

Gives three dimensional millisecond by millisecond position of head and body . Think turning, spinning, flipping

186
Q

Similar to satellites that triangulate location

A

Semicircular canals

187
Q

Otoliths location

A

On macula, part of static equilibrium. Can break free and move into Semicircular canals and stimulate organs of dynamic equilibrium in appropriately and cause instant vertigo

188
Q

How are otoliths breaking off corrected

A

Through eppley maneuver

Think of square maze you move around to put ball in hole. Move head same way until crystal settles back in otolithic membrane (gelatinous mass)

189
Q

What happens at base of Semicircular canals?

A

Information goes to vestibular division of vestibulocochlear nerve
Info from vestibule also goes together with info from Semicircular canals into vestibular nerve

190
Q

Parts in organs in Semicircular canals

A

Cupula
Ampulla
Ampullary nerve

191
Q

As the head rotates, the cupula

A

Bends in opposite direction of the rotation

192
Q

Cupula

A

Mushroom shaped gelatinous mass.

193
Q

Ampula

A

Holds the cupula

194
Q

What happens to fluid in Semicircular canals when when you move?

A

Fluid moves, when fluid moves, cupula flexes, causes depolarization in hair cells. Hair cells send information to neurons

195
Q

Sensory adaptation example

A

If you smell something really strongly often you become desensitized.

196
Q

What causes sensory conflict example

A

Sitting down and feeling movement while seeing no movement. Seeing flat feet on ship but feeling movement of water.

Two different streams of sensory information that are in conflict with each other

197
Q

How to get rid of motion sickness

A

If they look up at horizon, their dynamic equilibrium will match the movement of boat.
Lines up visual information with movement information.

198
Q

Gross anatomy of vision

A
199
Q

Majority of sensory neurons are

A

Photoreceptors in retina of eye

200
Q

Tunics of eye

A
  1. Outer tunic
  2. Middle tunic
  3. Inner tunic
201
Q

Skeletal muscles that control eye movement

A

6 skeletal muscles

202
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris muscle

A

Open and close eyelids

203
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Thin membrane inside of eyelids around the eye, surface of eye

204
Q

Cornea

A

Same tissue as sclera, but clear. Does have neurons doesn’t have blood vessels.
Can be transplanted without fear of rejection

205
Q

Cornea can be transplanted from cadaver yes or no

A

Yes

206
Q

All eye muscles except which move back to common tendonous ring?

A

Inferior oblique

207
Q

Function of recti

A

Superior rectus: up
Inferior rectus: down
Lateral rectus: laterally
Medial rectus: medially

208
Q

Function of oblique muscles

A

Rotate eye in circular motion
Track motion in specific directions

209
Q

Superior oblique controlled by

A

Trochlear IV

210
Q

Superior oblique function

A

Moves eye down and medially

211
Q

Inferior oblique function

A

Up and lateral

212
Q

Abducens VI function

A

Controls lateral rectus

213
Q

Optic disc

A

Blind spot in eye, where nerves and blood vessels enter.
No sensory receptors

214
Q

What makes up sclera

A

Dense irregular connective tissue. Extremely tough

215
Q

Posterior 3/4 of outer tunic

A

Sclera

216
Q

Anterior 1/4 outer tunic

A

Cornea

217
Q

Why is cornea clear?

A

Collagen fibers laid out in way that makes it clear

218
Q

Middle choroid coat

A

Dark brown or colored because it contains a lot of melanin

Stops scattering of light in inside of eye

219
Q

Ciliary body

A

Extension of choroid coat.

220
Q

Iris

A

Smooth muscle that’s colored. Has radial layer

221
Q

Iris gets bigger

A

Dilation event. Sympathetic nervous system

222
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

Small ligaments coming off ciliary body, made of smooth muscle. Connect to lens

223
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light in back of eye, lets you see images

224
Q

Function of suspensory ligaments

A

When ciliary bodies contract the suspensory ligaments get looser and lens gets narrower. Can see further

225
Q

What happens when ciliary muscles relax?

A

Suspensory ligaments tighten, lets you read things more closely

226
Q

Which two structures work together to improve shape of lens

A

Ciliary body and suspensory ligaments

227
Q

Accomodation

A

Change in lens shape.
Gets harder with age
Lost when replaced lens with eye surgery

228
Q

Ora serrata

A

Serrated junction between retina and ciliary body

229
Q

Retina inner coat

A

Sensory layer on inner 2/3 of eye
Has rods, cones and bipolar neurons that sense light

230
Q

Scleral venous sinus or canal of schlemm

A

Reabsorbs aqueous humor

231
Q

How does cornea receive nutrients to stay alive?

A

Aqueous humor

232
Q

Anterior cavity

A

Holds aqueous humor
+ Anterior and posterior chamber

233
Q

Everything in front of ciliary body is bathed in

A

Aqueous humor

234
Q

Humor

A

Body fluid

235
Q

Aqueous humor is continuously

A

Produced and reabsorbed in canal of schlemm

236
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Watery

237
Q

Parts constantly bathed in aqueous humor

A

Lens and cornea

238
Q

Vitreous humor

A

In posterior cavity
Holds lens in place
More viscous

239
Q

Things to note:
-different layers of eye
-posterior vs anterior structure and function

A
240
Q

Choroid coat of retina holds

A

Melatonin

241
Q

Pathway of light through retina of eye

A
  1. Optic nerve axons
  2. Ganglion cells
  3. Bipolar cells
  4. Rods and cones
  5. Pigment epithelium
  6. Choroid
242
Q

Pigment epithelium

A

Also filled with melanin
First part of retina
Any light that isn’t absorbed by rods or cones gets absorbed by pigmented epithelium

Any light that’s not absorbed by this gets absorbed by pigmented epithelium

243
Q

Optic chiasma function

A

Sends information from right eye to left half of brain
Take info from left eye and send it to right eye of brain
Reason why both pupils constrict.
Sends signal to both eyes

244
Q

Rods

A

Low energy light
Can’t sense color
100 connect to one or two bipolar cells and those bipolar cells form ganglia. Does not know which rod worked. Fuzzy vision. Not a sharp image.
One cone, one bipolar neuron, one ganglia.

245
Q

Cones

A

Bind to one bipolar neuron.
Sharper image. Brighter light, more energetic light. Brain knows location of retina. Gives color vision and sharp vision

246
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Pit where you have the highest concentration of photoreceptors in eye. Straight back from pupil.

247
Q

Topographic mapping of retina on visual cortex

A

Each eye collects information from right and left visual fields.

Information crosses over at optic chiasma and gets processed. Heads back to occipital lobe towards visual cortex. Corrects orientation of visual information as it proceeds to areas of visual cortex.

248
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Processes visual information

249
Q

Ventral and dorsal streams

A

Dorsal: from occipital to parietal answers where is it?

Ventral stream: occipital lobe to temporal lobe requires multiple visual association areas to process that information and what it is

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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