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AP Tignor 1 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Neural tube is on

A

Dorsal side

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2
Q

Gut tube is on

A

Ventral side

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3
Q

Three primary brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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4
Q

Forebrain

A

Prosencephalon

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5
Q

Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

Contains corpora quadrigemina

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6
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Hindbrain

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7
Q

Telencephalon turns to

A

Cerebrum

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8
Q

Diencephalon turns to

A

Eye cup,
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus ,
Pineal gland

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9
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Turns to midbrain

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10
Q

Metencephalon turns to

A

Pons and cerebellum

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11
Q

Myelencephalon turns into

A

Medulla oblongata

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12
Q

Prosencephalon turns to

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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13
Q

Rhombencephalon turns to

A

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

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14
Q

When does the Neural tube separate into 5 secondary brain vesicles

A

5 weeks

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15
Q

Thalamus

A

Executive secretary of brain. Passes all sensory info except for smell to the cerebral cortex.

Helps direct the activity of motor cortices from the cerebellum and the basal nuclei.

Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning and memory. Gateway to cerebral cortex

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16
Q

Integration happens at

A

Cerebral cortex

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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Small, filled with nuclei. Core regulatory center for homeostasis. Controls body temp, thirst hunger.

3.Controls endocrine system function through various hormones

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18
Q

Where do nervous and endocrine systems meet?

A

Hypothalamus

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19
Q

Neurosensory neurons. Located in

A

Hypothalamus

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20
Q

Neurosensory neurons function

A

Release hormones like tropins

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21
Q

Tropins

A

Hormones that cause the release of other hormones into anterior and posterior pituitary

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22
Q

Fast control system

A

Nervous system

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23
Q

System responsible for sustained changes

A

Endocrine systems

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24
Q

Corpora quadrigemina

A

Visual and auditory reflex centers

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25
Q

Pineal gland

A

Release of melatonin.(maintain circadian rhythm)

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26
Q

Midbrain location

A

Between diencephalon and pons

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27
Q

Pons

A

Bridge, connects medulla with midbrain. Connects upper and lower central nervous system

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28
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination and motor movements in the body

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29
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Most inferior part of brain stem

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30
Q

Brain stem parts

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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31
Q

Contain critical homeostatic mechanisms for basic life functions

A

Pons and medulla

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32
Q

Pontine respiratory group location

A

In pons , medulla also has one

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33
Q

Medulla contains

A

Cardiac inhibitory center
Respiratory center
Cardiac accelerator center

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34
Q

Has critical controls for basic life functions

A

Brain stem

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35
Q

Spina bifida

A

Neural tube doesn’t close properly, causes bulge known as meningocele

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36
Q

Meningocele

A

Filled with fluid and parts of meninges. Part of meninges outside of vertebral foramen

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37
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

Parts of meninges+ some fibers of spine.
Likely to cause developmental delays

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38
Q

Gyrus

A

Singular raised area on brain

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39
Q

Singular fold in brain

A

Sulcus

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40
Q

Folds in cerebral cortex do what?

A

Increase surface area

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41
Q

Cerebral cortex is made of

A

Grey matter

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42
Q

Gray matter is made of

A

Cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

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43
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of brain. Has lobes

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44
Q

Deep to cerebral cortex is

A

White matter

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45
Q

White matter is mostly

A

Myelinated axons

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46
Q

Central sulcus

A

Divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe

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47
Q

Separates parietal lobe and frontal lobe

A

Temporal lobe with lateral sulcus on top of it

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48
Q

Divides cerebrum

A

Fissure divides into right and left hemispheres

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49
Q

Transverse fissure location

A

Between cerebrum and cerebellum

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50
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Motor coordination. Skeletal muscle movement

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51
Q

Medulla oblongata exits brain through

A

Foramen magnum of occipital bone

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52
Q

Neurocranium

A

Part of skull enclosing cranial cavity

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53
Q

After medulla oblongata exits the neurocranium it is called the

A

Spinal cord

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54
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Bridge of fibers. Connects right and left hemispheres. Lets two hemispheres communicate. Reaches into every major cortex. Integrates countless processes

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55
Q

Nerve fiber really means

A

Axon of individual neurons

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56
Q

Largest white matter structure in the brain

A

Corpus callosum

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57
Q

Why is corpus callosum important

A

Different functions develop in different hemispheres. However, certain actions can be mapped to a different area and of the brain that wasn’t damaged

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58
Q

Region of higher order thinking especially in cerebral cortex takes place in

A

Frontal lobe

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59
Q

Motor cortex in which lobe?

A

Frontal

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60
Q

What does motor cortex do?

A

Maps motor neurons to various parts of body

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61
Q

Primary motor cortex in

A

Precentral gyrus

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62
Q

Primary motor cortex is responsible for

A

Voluntary movement

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63
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex location

A

Post-central gyrus

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64
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex function

A

Info from sensory receptors in skin, skeletal muscles and joints

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65
Q

Homunculus size of body parts is proportional to

A

Number of neural connections

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66
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Procedural memory, learning piano etc

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67
Q

Parietal lobe includes

A

Sensory cortex

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68
Q

Broadman’s cyto tectonic maps

A

Map out how neurons connect to various regions of brain

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69
Q

Broca’s area

A

Motor speech area. Damage in this area can prevent stroke victims from speaking. Directs muscles in speech production

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70
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Can say word but not always understand when this area is affected

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71
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Info from optic nerves is processed
Moves towards middle to visual association areas

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72
Q

Triangle under corpus callosum

A

Hypothalamus “beak”

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73
Q

Label areas or cerebral cortex

A

See pictures

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74
Q

Thalamus location

A

Under corpus callosum
Behind “eye”

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75
Q

Thalamic adhesion

A

Connects both parts of thalamus medially. Flattened band of tissue

“Eye”

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76
Q

What is at end of hypothalamus?

A

Pituitary gland

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77
Q

Insula (see picture)

A

Lobe that hides in plain sight . Self awareness, interoception,pain processing

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78
Q

Nuclei

A

Pockets of grey matter

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79
Q

Nuclei

A

Pockets of grey matter buried deep in white matter

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80
Q

Ventricles filled with

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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81
Q

Infundibulum

A

Connects pituitary gland to diencephalon

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82
Q

Coronal

A

Frontal

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83
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

Helps regulate emotions and pain. Continuous arched lobe above corpus callosum. Gives emotional value to different experiences

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84
Q

Limbic lobe

A

Cingulate gyrus. Emotional brain. Has hippocampus and amygdala
Limbic system

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85
Q

What does pineal gland do?

A

Responds and regulates circadian rhythm

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86
Q

Arbor vitae

A

White matter in cerebellum that looks like tree. Brings sensory and motor info to and from cerebellum

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87
Q

Anterior lobe releases

A

Human growth hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone

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88
Q

Posterior pituitary releases

A

Anti diuretic hormone
Oxytocin

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89
Q

Where are ADH and oxytocin made?

A

Hypothalamus

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90
Q

Four twins

A

Corpora quadrigemina

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91
Q

Superior coliculli

A

Rapidly process visual info. Top part of corpora quadrigemina

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92
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Rapidly process auditory information

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93
Q

Lateral ventricle

A

Two lateral ventricles in each side of the brain

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94
Q

Third ventricle

A

Around thalamic adhesion

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95
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

Provides CSF around base of cerebellum

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96
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Cavity that connects the third and fourth ventricles

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97
Q

CSF circulation extends also

A

Around surface of brain and surface of spinal cord. Down middle of cord in central canal

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98
Q

Describe the circulation of csf

A

Central part,
Outside of brain in sub arachnoid space, down through central canal and around edge of spinal cord and outside edge of spinal cord

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99
Q

Function of CSF

A

-Maintain ionic balance in nervous tissue
cushioning for brain tissue
-remove metabolic wastes from nervous tissue

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100
Q

How is CSF made?

A

Certain regions of lateral ventricles,
Third ventricle, some in fourth ventricle

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101
Q

Horns on lateral ventricles

A

Anterior and posterior horns

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102
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Layer of epyndymal cells with capillaries underneath. Astrocytes connect capillaries to epyndymal cells to produce CSF.
Capillary knot in brain ventricle, makes CSF.
Hang on roofs of ventricles

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103
Q

What happens to CSF? Gets made and

A

Recycled

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104
Q

Arachnoid granulations

A

Recycle CSF. Reabsorb CSF. Avoid accumulation of metabolic wastes.

Look like cauliflower block or broccoli, structures of arachnoid mater. Poke out through dura mater into superior saggital sinus

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105
Q

What makes CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

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106
Q

Why does CSF circulate?

A

Avoid accumulation of pressure and wastes

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107
Q

Fine tunes motor movements. Makes adjustments

A

Cerebellum

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108
Q

Keeps constant 3D map of where body parts are . Tells you to walk inclined slightly forward during windy day

A

Cerebellum

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109
Q

Signals of cerebellum

A

Afferent and efferent

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110
Q

Afferent signal of cerebellum goes through

A

Inferior olive of medulla oblongata

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111
Q

Descending signals of cerebellum to correct body movement move from

A

Out medulla oblongata and out through spinal cord to skeletal muscle

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112
Q

Why is brain highly vascularized?

A

It uses a lot of energy

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113
Q

Percentage of calories consumed by brain

A

25%

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114
Q

Preferred source of energy for brain?

A

Glucose

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115
Q

Anastomosis

A

Union or joining of nerves, blood vessels or lymphatic vessels

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116
Q

Why is circle of Willis important?

A

Lets blood flow to other parts of brain if one is clogged

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117
Q

Have foramen in transverse processes

A

Cervical vertebra. House vertebral arteries

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118
Q

Saggital suture

A

Down center of skull, fibrous joint in between parietal bones

119
Q

Meningeal layers

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

120
Q

Dura mater contains

A

Veins and arteries

121
Q

Trabeculae

A

Fibrous strands that connect to pia mater below “column”

122
Q

Tough mother

A

Dura mater

123
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Spider mother

124
Q

Tender mother

A

Pia mater. On surface, over every gyrus and sulcus of cerebral cortex and spinal cord

125
Q

Pia mater contains

A

Nerves

126
Q

Most blood vessels in meninges are in

A

Subarachnoid space

127
Q

Are there lymphatic vessels in brain?

A

Yes..think about lymphatic vessels when you think about blood vessels

128
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Space that has capillaries and trabeculae on top of pia mater

129
Q

Meninges follow into fissures yes or no?

A

Yes

130
Q

What does ethmoid bone do?

A

Has Crista galli. Attaches to falx cerebri acts as shock absorber. Connects meninges to front of skull

131
Q

Cock’s comb

A

Crista galli

132
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Meninges dip into longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres. Anteriorly attaches to Crista galli of ethmoid bone

133
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflamation of any of the meninges

134
Q

Compact bone is on

A

Outside

135
Q

Trabeculae of bone is on

A

Inside

136
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Blood building up between the dura mater
Arachnoid mater

137
Q

Meningeoma

A

Unwanted growth in meninges. cancer

138
Q

In cranium, dura mater is

A

Directly adhered to inner surface of bones that make neurocranium

139
Q

In spinal cord, dura mater is

A

Around spinal cord, but not attached to inside of vertebral foramen. Adipose tissue in epidural space between bone and dura mater. Arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels.

140
Q

Why is dura mater not attached directly to vertebral foramen?

A

Allows for movement. Back can change shape.

141
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

In between two parts of cerebellum.

142
Q

Functions of sinuses

A

Make skull lighter,
Covered with mucous membranes, drain to nasal cavity.
Act as resonance chambers for sound.

143
Q

Explain CSF circulation

A
  1. CSF made in choroid plexus
  2. CSF circulates down and around the spinal cord. Down middle of spinal cord through central canal and around the edge
    3.eventually into arachnoid granulations
144
Q

Superior saggital sinus function

A

Harvests deoxygenated blood as it’s leaving the brain

145
Q

Which arteries bring fresh oxygenated blood to brain?

A

Internal carotid artery, vertebral artery

146
Q

Epyndymal cells associated with

A

Capillaries

147
Q

What happens when fluid is caught up by arachnoid granulations?

A

CSF is reabsorbed and re-enters venous blood flow at that point

148
Q

What causes CSF circulation?

A

Muscles involved in breathing.. More exercise, more CSF circulates

149
Q

Tracts in spinal cord have which types of tracts

A

Ascending and descending tracts

150
Q

What do tracts in spinal cord do?

A

Carry info to and from the brain. Similar to nerves. And to and from peripheral nervous system nerves

151
Q

Where is white matter on spinal cord?

A

Outside

152
Q

Where is grey matter on spinal cord inside

A

Horns

153
Q

Types of horns

A

Posterior horns (long)
Lateral horn (sides)
Anterior horns (short, front)

154
Q

What does central canal in spinal cord do?

A

CSF flows through center, gets more blocked up over time

155
Q

Gray commisure

A

Bridge of grey matter from one side of spinal cord to the other

156
Q

Anterior median fissure

A

Between anterior horns of spinal cord

157
Q

Posterior median sulcus

A

Sulcus between both posterior horns

158
Q

Nerves around spinal cord

A

Dorsal root and ventral root

159
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Emerges from dorsal root of spinal nerves

Cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons arrive through. Which sense what’s happening in body like digestive tract or blood vessels. Both somatic and skeletal muscles

160
Q

What comes out of spinal cord

A

Fibers, neurons, dorsal root

161
Q

Vertebral arteries are only found in which vertebra?

A

Cervical.

162
Q

What is between vertebral bodies?

A

Intervertebral discs

163
Q

Herniated disc

A

Presses against disc

164
Q

Transverse foramen

A

Where arteries go

165
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Where spinal cord goes

166
Q

Layers of Spinal cord

A

1.Vertebrae,
2.Epidural space(contains fat, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels)
3. Dura mater
4. Arachnoid mater
5. Subarachnoid space (CSF circulation here)
6. Pia mater
7. White matter
8. Grey matter

167
Q

Ventral root shape

A

Thinner than dorsal root

168
Q

What does ventral root carry?

A

Efferent direction.
Mostly motor neurons

169
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Ventral root+ dorsal root

170
Q

Lateralization

A

Each hemisphere has unique abilities not completely shared by partner

171
Q

Left hemisphere has greater control over

A

Language abilities, math, logic. Compose sentence, add numbers, memorize a list

172
Q

Right hemisphere has more control over

A

Visual spatial skills, intuition, emotion, artistic musical skills

173
Q

Aqueductal stenosis

A

Prevents flow of CSF between 3rd(looks like chicken head) and fourth ventricles (looks like chicken neck or diamond)

174
Q

How do lateral ventricles connect with third ventricle?

A

Interventricular foramen

175
Q

How does third ventricle connect to fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct. Runs through midbrain

176
Q

Multimodal association cortex

A

Sensations, thoughts and emotions come together to make us who we are

177
Q

Function of cerebral cortex

A

Holds conscious mind. “Executive suite” of nervous system. Lets us be aware of ourselves and sensations

178
Q

Accounts for 40% of brain mass

A

Cerebral cortex

179
Q

Connect corresponding grey areas of 2 hemispheres

A

Commisural fibers. Let two hemispheres work together to do things

180
Q

Largest commisure in body

A

Corpus callosum

181
Q

Connect different cortical lobes

A

Long association fibers

182
Q

Basal nuclei function

A

Start, stop and monitor intensity of movements caused by cortex. Stop unnecessary movement

183
Q

Post-central gyrus of parietal lobe function?

A

Sensory

184
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Slender cavity of midbrain. Connects third and fourth ventricles

185
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

Thinking, planning, organizing, problem solving, short term memory

186
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 nerve pairs that arise from the spinal cord

187
Q

Precentral gyrus of cerebrum function

A

Motor functions

188
Q

Damage to left primary motor cortex leads to

A

Paralysis of voluntary muscle control on right side of body

189
Q

Destruction of premotor cortex results in

A

Loss of motor skills programmed by that region. Does not affect muscle strength or ability to do certain things.

190
Q

Damage to Primary visual cortex

A

Very back, leads to functional blindness. Receives info from retina of eye

191
Q

Visual association area

A

Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli

192
Q

Damage to visual association area

A

Can see but can’t comprehend what they’re looking at

193
Q

All structures from CNS originate from

A

Neural tube

194
Q

Contrecoup injury

A

Brain bounces and hits opposite side

195
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Gets info from hearing receptors in inner ear. Pitch, loudness, location

196
Q

Auditory association area

A

perception of the sound stimulus. Memories of past sounds are stored there for reference.

197
Q

Wernicke’s area is part of which cortex?

A

Auditory cortex

198
Q

Primary olfactory cortex is where?

A

Medial aspect of temporal lobe

199
Q

Gustatory cortex is

A

In insula, deep to temporal lobe

200
Q

Vertibulat cortex location

A

Conscious awareness of balance. Posterior part of insula and adjacent parietal cortex

201
Q

Which landmark separates cerebral hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure

202
Q

Projection fibers

A

Projection tracts. White matter tracts that connects cortex with many other areas in CNS , deep nuclei, brain stem, cerebellum, spine

203
Q

Projection fibers enter cerebral hemispheres from

A

Lower brain or cord centers, leave cortex to travel to lower areas

204
Q

Association fibers

A

Connect different parts of the same hemisphere.

205
Q

Short association fibers connect

A

Adjacent gyri

206
Q

Long association fibers

A

Bundled into tracts, connect different lobes on same hemisphere

207
Q

Damage to posterior association area can result in

A

Feeling that body part doesn’t belong
Recognizing patterns and faces. Understanding and language

208
Q

Filter out incorrect or inappropriate responses passing only best response to the cortex

A

Basal nuclei

209
Q

Disorders of basal nuclei include

A

Huntington’s disease Parkinson’s disease

210
Q

Multimodal association cortex

A

Sensations emotions and thoughts make us who we are.

211
Q

Multimodal association cortex allows us to

A

Receive store and connect with previous experience and knowledge. Sensations thoughts and emotions become conscious

212
Q

Posterior association area function

A

Encompasses parietal, temporal, occipital lobes. Pattern recognition. Localizing us in space ..

213
Q

Tumors or lesions in anterior association area cause

A

Mental and personality disorders loss of judgment attentiveness and inhibitions

214
Q

Function of reticular formation

A

Keeps cerebral cortex alert and conscious

Enhances excitability of cerebral cortex

215
Q

Hypothesis for psychosomatic illnesses

A

Increased activity from hypothalamus from stress may increase activity of hypothalamus is governing other functions like blood pressure

216
Q

Cephalizataion

A

Concentration at front of head of neurons

217
Q

Mass of average adult human brain

A

1500g

218
Q

Encephalo

A

Brain

219
Q

Caudal

A

Towards tail

220
Q

Posterior portion of neural tube becomes

A

Spinal cord

221
Q

What causes psychosomatic illness

A

Increased activity in hypothalamus from stress might increase the activity in hypothalamus governing other functions like blood pressure

222
Q

Psychosomatic illnesses , why?

A

Psychological condition leads to physical symptoms

Most limbic system output goes through hypothalamus. Switchboard for autonomic and emotional response. Can cause high BP and heartburn

223
Q

Inability to filter out sensory information may implicate which brain structure?

A

Reticular activating system

224
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Filters out sensory input, repetitive, familiar/weak signals get ignored. Unusual impulses reach consciousness. Would notice if watch fell off, but wouldn’t notice it when you’re wearing it.
Tells you what to pay attention to

225
Q

What gets you to disregard 99% of sensory stimuli?

A

Cerebral cortex & RAS

226
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotional visceral brain

227
Q

Epithalamus

A

Has pineal gland.

228
Q

What does amygdaloid body do?

A

-assess danger
-elicit fear response
-recognize fear
-responds to perceived threats with fear or aggression

229
Q

Cingulate gyrus cingulate gyrus

A

Resolves mental conflicts when frustrated.
Expresses emotions when frustrated

230
Q

What part of brain triggers emotional responses by odors

A

Limbic system

231
Q

Rhinencephalon

A

Smell brain, in limbic system

232
Q

Main visceral control center of the body

A

Hypothalamus

233
Q

Autonomic reflex center

A

Medulla oblongata

234
Q

How do medulla and hypothalamus work together?

A

Hypothalamus gives instructions through giving instructions through medullary reticular centers

235
Q

Enables us to be aware of ourselves, sensations, communicate, remember, understand, initiate voluntary movements

A

Cerebral cortex

236
Q

Provides timings and appropriate patterns for skeletal muscle contractions

A

Cerebellum

237
Q

What do nuclei of pons do?

A

Some are part of reticular formation and others help medulla oblongata maintain normal rate of breathing

238
Q

Cerebellar peduncules

A

Connect cerebellum to brainstem. Three paired fiber tracts

239
Q

Ipsilateral

A

From and to same side of body

240
Q

Describe fiber distribution to and from cerebral cortex?

A

Contralateral

241
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncules

A

Connect cerebellum and midbrain. No direct connection to cerebral cortex. Carry instructions from neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei to cerebral motor cortex using thalamic relays

242
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncules

A

One way communications from pons to cerebellum. Advises cerebellum of voluntary motor activities initiated by motor cortex

243
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncules

A

Connect medulla and cerebellum. Give sensory information to cerebellum from muscle proprioceptors &
2. Vestibular nuclei

244
Q

Periaqueductal grey matter

A

Pain suppression links fear receiving amygdaloid body and ANS pathway that controls fight or flight

245
Q

Red nucleus

A

Rich blood supply.
Relay nuclei in descending motor pathways that cause limb flexion. Embedded in reticular formation

246
Q

System of small nuclei scattered through core of brain stem

A

Reticular formation

247
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Linked to basal nuclei.

248
Q

Cause of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons substantia nigra

249
Q

Pyramidal tract

A

Relay info from motor cortex to skeletal muscle

250
Q

Pons function

A

Has some nuclei that are part of reticular formation and some that help medulla oblongata maintain normal rhythm of breathing

251
Q

Pons

A

Bridge

252
Q

Deep projection fibers of pons

A

Pathway to higher brain centers and spinal cord

253
Q

Superficial ventral fibers

A

Relay conversations between motor cortex and cerebellum

254
Q

Thalamus function

A

Sorts and edits sensory information ascending to cerebral cortex

255
Q

Epithalamus associated with which gland?

A

Pineal, secretes melatonin to induce sleep

256
Q

Midbrain function

A

Controls visual reflexes that coordinate head and eye movement when following moving objects

257
Q

Medulla oblongata function

A

Autonomic reflex center that helps keep homeostasis. Cardiovascular center, respiratory centers, sneezing, vomiting, hiccups, swallow and coughing

258
Q

Which cranial nerve pairs issue from pontine nuclei?

A

Trigeminal, abducens, facial

259
Q

Which part of the brain makes dopamine?

A

Substantia nigra inside of midbrain white matter

260
Q

Functions of brain stem

A

Rigidly programmed behaviors for survival

Grey on inside, white on outside

Associated with 10 of the 12 cranial nerves

261
Q

Main functions of hypothalamus

A

1.Control autonomic nervous system

2.Initiate physical responses to emotions

3.Regulate body temperature

4.Regulate food intake
5.Regulate water balance and thirst
6.Regulate sleep wake cycles
7.Control endocrine system function

262
Q

Superior colliculi

A

coordinate head and eye movements when we visually follow a moving object, even if we are not consciously looking at it.

263
Q

Tectum

A

Midbrain’s roof

264
Q

Drugs that inhibit this region promote unconsciousness

A

Reticular activating system

265
Q

Location of limbic system

A

Medial aspect of each cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon.

266
Q

Amygdaloid body

A

Almond shaped nucleus..responds to perceived threats. Angry or fearful facial expressions with fear or aggression

267
Q

Is emotional visceral brain

A

Limbic system

268
Q

Expressing emotions through gestures. Resolving mental conflicts

A

Cingulate gyrus

269
Q

What area of the brain is affected in capgrass syndrome?Think that loved ones are impostors. Loss of connection between image one sees and emotions associated with that image

A

Amygdaloid body and other parts of limbic system

270
Q

Which parts of the cerebellar cortex influence the motor activities of trunk and girdle muscles

A

Medial parts of each hemisphere

271
Q

Which parts of the cerebellum’s cortex adjusts posture to maintain balance?

A

Flocculonodular lobes

272
Q

Which part of the cerebellar cortex plans movements instead of executing them

A

Lateralmost

273
Q

Which part of the cerebellar cortex influences distal parts of limbs and skilled movements

A

Intermediate parts of each hemisphere

274
Q

Which part of the cerebellar cortex influences movement of the trunk and girdle muscles

A

Medial portions

275
Q

Sensory axons carrying information about touch pain and temperature synapse on reticular activating system neurons in the

A

Brain stem

276
Q

Explain cerebellar processing

A

Cerebellum receives information from proprioceptors

Cerebellar cortex calculates Force direction and extent of muscle contraction

When motor cortex says smooth cerebellum must ensure coordinated movement. Keep posture in mind when calculating movement

277
Q

All fibers entering and leaving the cerebellum are

A

ipsilateral

278
Q

In motor cortex muscle is controlled by the ___ brain

A

Contralateral brain. Damage to one side affects the opposite side

279
Q

What does it mean for cerebellar control to be ipsilateral?

A

The right side of cerebellum affects right side of body

280
Q

Peduncles

A

Connect cerebellum to rest of brain

281
Q

Severe injury to reticular activating system results in

A

Permanent unconsciousness. Sends continuous stream of impulses to cerebral cortex. Keeps cortex alert and conscious.

282
Q

Reticular formation extends through

A

Central core of medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

283
Q

Does not only receive motor information for proprioception

A

Cerebellum. Please roll in thinking language and emotion. May compare actual output with expected output

284
Q

The startle reflex involves which part of the midbrain?

A

Inferior colliculi. Send info from hearing receptors to auditory cortex. Reflexive responses to sound

285
Q

Gray matter areas of the diencephalon enclose which of the following structures?

A

Third ventricle

286
Q

Which areas of the brain help regulate the sleep wake cycle

A

The epithalamus and the hypothalamus

287
Q

What is the major pathway between the higher brain centers and the spinal cord

A

Pons

288
Q

What is the major pathway between the cerebellum and the motor cortex

A

Pons

289
Q

Ponds is chiefly made up of which kind of tracts?

A

Conduction tracts

290
Q

Parts of diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

291
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex function

A

Receive information from skin and proprioceptors
Tell the brain of body’s position in space. Neurons identify the body region being stimulated.

292
Q

Spatial discrimination

A

Being able to identify the body region being stimulated

293
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Sensory receptors located in a joint, muscle or tendon. Related to locomotion, posture and muscle tone

294
Q

Master gland that controls endocrine system

A

Pituitary gland

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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