2 Flashcards
(34 cards)
is a coherent framework of integrated constructs and principles that describe, explain, or predict how people learn.
learning theory
emphasizes the role of environmental factors in influencing behavior, to the near exclusion of innate or inherited factors
Behaviorism
- focuses on the behavior of the organism and the reinforcement that occurs after the response.
- which was developed largely by B. F. Skinner (1974, 1989).
Operant Conditioning
is the tendency of initial learning experiences to be easily applied to other similar stimuli.
- Stimulus generalization
is a useful respondent conditioning concept that needs to be given careful consideration in relapse prevention programs.
- Spontaneous recovery
is a stimulus or event applied after a response that strengthens the probability that the response will be performed again.
reinforcer
is the presentation of an adverse event or outcome that cause a decrease in the behavior.
Punishment
(i.e., reward) greatly enhances the likelihood that a response will be repeated in similar circumstances. As an illustration, although a patient moans and groans as he attempts to get up and walk for the first time after an operation, praise and encouragement (reward) for his efforts at walking (response) will improve the chances that he will continue struggling toward independence.
- Giving positive reinforcement
after a response is made. This form of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus through either escape conditioning or avoidance conditioning.
- Negative reinforcement
is a punishment by application, involve s the presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response
- Positive punishment
is punishment by removal, occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs.
- Negative Punishment
defined as a relatively permanent change in mental processing, emotional functioning, skill, and/or behavior as a result of experience. It is the lifelong, dynamic process by which individuals acquire new knowledge or skills and alter their thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and actions.
Learning
as an unpleasant stimulus is being applied, the individual responds in some way that causes the uncomfortable stimulation to cease.
- Escape conditioning
, the unpleasant stimulus is anticipated rather than being applied directly.
- Avoidance conditioning
is that psychological organization is directed toward simplicity, equilibrium, and regularity.
- Gestalt principle
is a cognitive perspective that emphasizes thinking processes: thought, reasoning, the way information is encountered and stored, and memory functioning
- Information processing
emphasizes how cognition are based on how external events are conceptualized, organized and represented with each person which is partially dependent in individual stages of development in perception, reasoning and readiness to learn.
- Human development
the individual formulates or construct their own version of reality and that learning and human development are richly colored by social and cultural context.
- Social constructivism
In cognitive learning, students learn by doing. This hands-on approach makes the learning immersive and promotes comprehension.
- Enhance comprehension
Problem-solving skills are critical at any level of leadership. The cognitive learning approach enhances your ability to develop this core skill and helps them to apply it to every aspect of their job.
- Improves problem-solving skills
Cognitive learning can also improve confidence in your ability to handle challenges at work. This is because it promotes problem-solving skills and makes it easier to learn new things within a short period.
- Boosts confidence
Cognitive skills promote long term learning as it allows you to connect previous knowledge with new materials. It helps you merge old and new information and apply both effectively.
- Encourages continuous learning
is largely based on the work of Albert Bandura (1977, 2001), who mapped out a perspective on learning that includes consideration of the personal characteristics of the learner, behavior patterns, and the environment. Since its original inception, this theory has gone through several “paradigm shifts”.
Social learning theory
various factors increase or decrease the amount of attention paid. Includes distinctiveness, affective valence, prevalence, complexity, functional value.
- Attention
