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Question 1

perception

Answer 1

study of how external world is represented in our brain or mind so we can understand and act on what is around us

Question 2

agnosia

Answer 2

type of condition where patients have a visual perception deficit due to cortical damage, despite normal vision

Question 3

apperceptive agnosia

Answer 3

unable to name, match, or discriminate visually presented objects. can notice basic visual features (things that make up stuff like lines and color), but these traits are disconnected and cannot copy or draw them correctly. cannot match, name or discriminate. cannot combine basic visual stimuli into a complete percept

Question 4

associative agnosia

Answer 4

patients cannot associate visual pattern with meaning. are able to combine visual features into a whole, so they are able to reproduce images. but do not know meaning so tend to reproduce with more detail than an average person. because intelligence and memory is intact, they can guess what an image is

Question 5

how can patients with associative agnosia form understandings of how objects work

Answer 5

pick up an object and suddenly they can use them. may then realize what object is

Question 6

agnosia patients tell us there are three dissociatable steps to visual perception, which are:

Answer 6

input/sensation (removed by blindness), basic visual components are assembled (apperceptive agnosia cannot do this and cannot form a representation). meaning is linked to visual input (associative amnesia is fucked up here)

Question 7

experience error

Answer 7

false assumption that structure of world is given directly from senses (representation doesn’t always represent world; visual illusions illustrate that we don’t always percieve accurate representations)

Question 8

eyes recieve input from what part of the fixation-saccade cycle

Answer 8

the fixation phase

Question 9

what is a jumping saccade

Answer 9

when you are moving eyes around, basically eye movement that is not smooth pursuit

Question 10

smooth pursuit

Answer 10

tracking object that is moving

Question 11

computational approach to studying perception

Answer 11

how the brain and interprets distal stimulus (i.e. stimulus that is away from you in the environment)

Question 12

proximal stimulus

Answer 12

a distal stimulus when picked up by a receptor

Question 13

perception/action approach to studying perception

Answer 13

goals of action determine perception. action is more important than understanding

Question 14

gestalt approach to studying perception

Answer 14

organizational principles to create meaningful perceptions of the environments, bringing parts into a whole

Question 15

bottom up (data driven) processing

Answer 15

converge info drom input. it can be used purposefully

Question 16

top down (conceptually driven) processing

Answer 16

perception is influenced by prior knowledge, memories, and experiences. automatically used, and needs input, but the memory is fed forward to speed up processing. expectations influence perception. for example you automatically look for blonde people if looking for a blonde friend.

Question 17

template matching

Answer 17

we have a mental stencil for different patterns. does not work for complex stimuli and originally for computers. works for things like barcodes

Question 18

feature matching

Answer 18

pandemonium theory by selfridge. states that we have a system for analyzing every distinct feature of a visual item. image demons provide input to feature demons, which give output to cognitive demons, which yell to the decision demon

Question 19

is pandemonium theory an example of serial or parallel processing

Answer 19

both. demons counting stuff at the same time

Question 20

physiological support for feature matching theory

Answer 20

there are feature detector neurons in V1 that respond to different line orientations (vertical line detector) V1 has all orientations

Question 21

biederman’s recognition by components aka geon theory. what was it used for

Answer 21

theory of human vision to be applied to computers. need viewpoint invariance for computers. involves basic 3D shapes. to recognize these shapes, objects are broken into geons.

Question 22

geons are viewpoint ___? issues with this?

Answer 22

viewpoint invariant because they have nonaccidental properties (not due to viewing angle). biederman says that as long as you can pick up geons, you can understand a perspective. however, recognition is impaired when you view objects from non-canonical viewpoints

Question 23

is it still perception if you look at a noncanonical angle and need time to recognize the object

Answer 23

no

Question 24

does recognition by parts discuss how it is physically implemented in humans

Answer 24

no, it comes from a history of computational theories that are not concerned with how it works in humans

Question 25

viewpoint invariance is supported by psychology/physiology?

Answer 25

no. people are good at recognizing many angles but is faster at familiar viewpoints.

Question 26

what is viewer centered bias

Answer 26

object recognition is faster from familiar viewpoints, and cortical neurons have viewpoint specificity

Question 27

arguments against bottom up processing for perception

Answer 27

analyzing each feature at once takes a long time. theories that rely on features cannot explain within category discrimination

Question 28

light from above heuristic

Answer 28

provides an illusion of depth, and we assume light comes from above due to it being common in human history. says that a shading gradient causes us to assume depth. we determine the source of light based on shading

Question 29

gestalt mantra

Answer 29

the sum is different than the sum of the parts

Question 30

gestalt grouping principles

Answer 30

determine characteristics of perception that determine which components of a stimulus group together

Question 31

are gestalt grouping principles observational or experimental

Answer 31

observational, you cannot make predictions

Question 32

how many gestalt grouping principles can you use at a time

Answer 32

one law at a time. it is hard to predict the outcome of combining laws

Question 33

are gestalt grouping principles top down

Answer 33

no because the principles are innate and not from prior experience. bottom up, but experience matters because experience influences familiarity

Question 34

where does the perception/action cognition approach come from

Answer 34

gibson's direct perception approach

Question 35

perception/action approach contentions

Answer 35

there is no mental representaiton. the stimuli from the environment is all we need for perception. the goal of perception is an action.

Question 36

what did gibson's direct perception approach believe

Answer 36

people studied indirect perception with 2d images in lab experiments

Question 37

ambient optic array

Answer 37

all light that reflects and enters into the eye. we see stuff due to light reflecting, and the object gets in the way of light. it is the structure imposed on light by the environment with all the info needed for perception. motion is needed to pick up info and get more info from optic array

Question 38

optic flow

Answer 38

motion is described as optic flow in the ambient optic array. if there is flow, the observer is in motion. direction of flow indicates direction of movement

Question 39

gibson says the goal of perception is what

Answer 39

action. not description. it is to provide info with object's affordances (looking tells you what you can do with an object).

Question 40

what sense does gibson's theory apply to

Answer 40

only vision

Question 41

what does gibson's theory not have

Answer 41

no perceptual representation (proximal stimulus). no role of memory (top down processsing)

Question 42

how do modern researchers disagree with gibson

Answer 42

most believe action and representations are involved in perception, but action influences how the world is percieved.

Question 43

embodiment

Answer 43

how bodies and the environment affect sensation. the effect of perception and action on each other

Question 44

dorsal (parietal) object recognition pathway

Answer 44

how pathway, processed separately from perception

Question 45

ventral (temporal) object recognition pathway

Answer 45

what pathway, concerned with identity.

Question 46

where are object areas and what are they

Answer 46

different places of activation for faces, places and objects. all in temporal lobe

Question 47

lateral occipital cortex responds best to

Answer 47

human made artifacts

Question 48

ideomotor apraxia

Answer 48

damage to where pathway, struggles to use objects but knows what it is. damage to parietal cortex.

Question 49

apperceptive agnosia damage is in the _

Answer 49

temporal and occipital

Question 50

associative agnosia damage is in the _

Answer 50

temporal lobe

Question 51

blindsight is

Answer 51

act as they can see things but they say they can't. dissociation of visual recognition and vision for action. a type of cortical blindness, but not all cortical blindness people has this

Question 52

cortical blindness

Answer 52

damage in processing in brain, not input.

Question 53

constructive perception

Answer 53

sensory info is used to generate mental model of environment that is assumed to cause the sensation